BRPI1000098B1 - treatment process for heavy metal polluted water and intended for retention by heavy metal fixation - Google Patents

Abstract

organic filter planted with European and / or tropical / desert canes to treat polluted water, soil or air. The present invention relates to a plant-polluted organic filter for the treatment of pollutants, with an inlet for the pollutants to be treated, an outlet for the non-degraded pollutants, a filtering and depollution means interposed between the inlet and the outlet of pollutants such filtering and depollution means are: (a) an organic substrate composed of 10-20% aggregates, preferably non-soluble and with an irregular surface of more than 30% vegetable fibers, preferably as materials woody, and 20-40% compound with a biological stability index (isb) of greater than 0.5; (b) planted organic substrate from European and / or tropical / desert canes favoring a large sequestration of carbon dioxide; a device for treating polluted water, soil or air with at least one planted organic filter as described above; and a process of treating polluted water, soil or air by introducing polluted water, soil or air into a device as described above.

Description

(54) Title: PROCESS OF TREATING WATER POLLUTED BY HEAVY METALS AND INTENDED FOR RETENTION BY FIXING HEAVY METALS (51) Int.CI .: C02F 9/08; B01D 39/04 (30) Unionist Priority: 12/31/2009 FR 09 06430 (73) Owner (s): PHYTORESTORE (72) Inventor (s): THIERRY JACQUET (85) National Phase Start Date: 19/01 / 2010

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Descriptive Report of the Invention Patent for PROCESSING TREATMENT OF WATER POLLUTED BY HEAVY METALS AND INTENDED FOR RETENTION BY HEAVY METAL FIXATION.

Domain of the invention [001] The present invention relates to an organic filter planted with European and / or tropical / desert canes for the treatment of polluted water, soil or air and to a clean-up process using such planted organic filter .

Precedent Technique [002] Aware of the current public health risks generated by pollution, French and European standards for the polluting substances' waste to gaseous effluents, liquids or solid matrices, are increasingly restrictive.

[003] Among the pollution problems, those that also refer to the emission of carbon dioxide have a special impact today, mainly with the determination of the carbon balance associated with an activity.

[004] The current solutions to these problems of depollution, however, are not satisfactory, especially considering the determinants of the sequestration of carbon dioxide in order to eliminate climate warming.

[005] Thus, when one is interested in the treatment of sludge, the sanitation solutions used today rest essentially on processes of depollution by biological clearance in purification stations for the waters used and dispersion in cultivated soils for agricultural effluents. As a result of the drawbacks of these techniques (nauseating odors, difficult aesthetic integration in the landscape, solution not adapted for treatments of low amounts of pollutants, high energy consumption, high costs

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2/31 of operation), other solutions were developed.

[006] Among the techniques developed, there is filtering in alluvial beds planted or not.

[007] Sand bed filtration recommended in autonomous sanitation is an old technique described in the standard XP P16-603 of August 1998 (reference DTU 64 .1). This simple and effective technique rests on the infiltration-percolation of the waters used in a wide sand mass. However, this technique requires, on the one hand, large surfaces and presents, on the other hand, clogging problems that imply regular filter renewal.

[008] To alleviate the disadvantages of the filter in the sand bed, the planted massifs were developed. These massifs are alluvial filters made up of gravel, sand, or gravel, deposited in layers, planted with vegetables, benefiting from a great root system that allows to maintain the permeability within the massif, usually of reeds or bamboo.

[009] In addition, and to avoid the risk of clogging, these planted massifs are built two by two or three and work alternately, with the benefit of regular rest time. With a structure of three filters, the resting time is a maximum of twice the operating time.

[010] The latest solutions developed in terms of depollution are based on biosanning, or phytoremediation, and rest on the ability of certain plants to remove some pollutants from the soil to accumulate them and even, for some plants, to degrade them. However, the capacity of plants to resist toxic substances is highly variable from one species to another and, on the other hand, the elimination of polluted plants, due to an accumulation of pollutants, is problematic.

[011] In order to improve depollution, the inventor developed 870170037861, of 05/06/2017, p. 9/45

3/31 previously saw a depollution process based on phytoleaching, or leaching by plants, described in the international application PCT WO 2006/030164.

[012] This process is based on an alternation of aerobic / anaerobic period allowing the degradation of organic pollutants by the rhizosphere microorganisms of a planted organic filter and the remobilization (by dissolution) of non-degradable species, and mainly metallic species , to allow its leaching (phytoleaching) and its passage to a second compartment that has the function of concentration filter.

[013] Regarding the current problems of depollution, there is, however, a recurring need for new solutions that will allow more efficient and / or less costly depollution to be achieved. Summary of the invention [014] The inventor has developed a new clean-up process, both simple and economical, based on a specially developed planted organic filter, used in the clean-up process as described in the international application PCT WO 2006 / 030164 incorporated herein by reference.

[015] The present invention has as its object an organic filter planted for the treatment of pollutants, comprising:

- an entrance for the pollutants to be treated,

- an outlet for non-degraded pollutants,

- filtering and clean-up means interposed between the entry and exit of pollutants, so that the aforementioned filtering and clean-up means take the form of:

an organic substrate composed of 10-20% aggregates, preferably non-soluble and with an uneven surface, with more than 30% vegetable fibers, preferably in the form of a woody material, and 20-40% compost preferably presenting

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4/31 a biological stability index (ISB) greater than 0.5, organic substrate planted with European and / or tropical / desert canes, which preferentially favor a large sequestration of carbon dioxide.

[016] The organic substrate then allows a carbon dioxide retention rate of more than 10% of incoming flows, preferably between 10 and 35%.

[017] The organic filter planted according to the invention is also designed to work according to the positive modified carbon balance resulting from the flow calculations modeled by FRANCEZ and VASANDER (1995) for two marshes of Sphagnum fallax and Carex Rostrata.

[018] For the filter, according to the invention, and considering an incoming flow of used water or urban sludge of 1Kg / m ² / day of DCO and BOD5 and dry matter (MS), it is possible to estimate that the carbon is mostly accumulated in the filter (60%) in the form of mineralized sludge, of which a smaller part (30%) is released into the atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxide and methane by decomposition, and, finally, that a small part (10%) is used for the vegetable production of the filter according to the invention. Thus, it is possible to conclude that the organic filters planted according to the invention have an extremely positive carbon balance, especially when one considers that these filters hardly need energy to function. This is a real break with the traditional epuration stations (biological, chemical, physical and even membranes) that are, in the world, great emitters of carbon in the atmosphere, in fact, much larger than the cattle that nevertheless is often mentioned.

[019] Advantageously, non-soluble aggregates with an irregular surface are chosen from pozzolana,

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5/31 flint and the siliceous sands.

[020] Preferably, these vegetable fibers that are presented in the form of woody material are chosen from the group of sugar cane bagasse, coconut bark, palm leaves, bark and mainly pine bark.

[021] The biological stability index (ISB) is the effective ability of an organic product to produce stable humus in the soil. This coefficient can be determined simply by the methodology described by LINERES & DJAKOVITCH (Characterization of the stabilization biologique des apports organiques par l'analyse biochimique. P. 159-168. In DECROUX & IGNAZI (ed.) Matières organiques et agriculture. Quatrième journée de l'analyse de terre (Gems) Cinquième forum de la fertilisation raisonnée (Comifer) 16-18 novembre 1993). This methodology refers, on the one hand, to the measure of the crude cellulose content, composed essentially of celluloses and a low proportion of lignins and hemicelluloses (method NF V03-040) and, on the other hand, on the fractionation of VAN SOEST & WINE (1967, 1968), which differentiates four compartments considered equivalent to soluble molecules, hemicelluloses, celluloses and lignins and cutins. Putting in relation to the biochemical composition of different products and the carbon mineralization measured by respirometry, LINERES & DJAKOVITCH established this biological stability index (ISB) whose calculation is resumed in the NF XP U 44-162 standard.

[022] European or tropical / desert cane is preferably understood to be:

[023] The set of perennial grasses with hard stems of more than 1 meter and whose annual biomass growth exceeds 3 tons per hectare, which allows a large carbon sequestration, as they generally belong to the said plant categories

C4.

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6/31 [024] Plants that have a great development of underground roots, because all these plants have rhizome and support immersion in water that varies between 10 cm and 1 meter depending on the species (which is not the case with bamboos, which do not support large hydraulic variations).

[025] Plants whose rhizomes are also characterized by their ability to adapt to varying levels of organic filters, which allows the filters to be loaded to a maximum thickness of 1.5 m of organic substrate, if necessary.

[026] Plants that produce, after drying, straw rich in woody matter (more than 90% of dry matter) and poor in moisture (10 to 15% according to species, while simple coppices with short willow rotation have humidity rates above 20 or 30%). All of these canes therefore have a great potential for valorizing their biomass as energy due to their PCI (caloric power) superior to firewood (with a PCI between 4000 and 5000) and due to the non-putrescible characteristic (which makes it constantly used as a building material, such as straw roofs, for example).

[027] Finally, plants that have a great evapotranspiration power, which always exceeds 4mmm per day and per m2. [028] European and / or tropical / desert canes are advantageously chosen from the group comprising Acorus Calamus, Amnophila arenaria, Ampelodesmos mauritanicus, Andropogon gerardii, Arundo donax sensu, Bromus inermis, Calamagrostis acutiflora, Calamagrostis arundaceaii, Carex pendula, Chasmanthium latifolium, Chionochloa conspicua, Chusquea culeou, Colocasia esculenta, Cortaderia fulvida, Cortaderia richardi, Cortaderia selloana, Cymbopogon citratus, Cyperus ensiatus, Cyperus giganteus, Cyperus longus, Cyperus papyria 8, 661 / 2017, p. 13/45

7/31 pensis, Equisetum americaem um, Equisetum hyemale, Equisetum fluviatile, Equisetum maximum, Fargesia murielae, Fargesia nitida, Glyceria maxima, Hibanobambusa tranquillans, Indocalamus solidus, Indocalamus tessellatus, Juncus acutus, Etususususus, Misc. , Miscanthus floridulus, Miscanthus sacchariflorus, Miscanthus giganteus, Molinia altissima, Molinia arundinacea, Molinia caerulea, Panicum virgatum, Panicum rigidulum, Papyrus papyrus, Pennisetum et var. , Scirpus lacustris, Sorghum halepeus, Spartina alterniflora, Sponiopogon sibiricus, Stipa calamagrostis, Stipa splendens, Typha minima, Thysanolaena latifolia, Typha domingensis, Zizania aquatica, Zizania latifolia and Zizania palustris.

[029] Preferably, the organic filter planted according to the invention comprises at least two species, better three species and, preferably, at least four different species of European and / or tropical / desert canes.

[030] The inventor was able to demonstrate that the organic filter planted according to the invention avoids the formation of bad odors, sometimes problematic in certain pollutions. This efficiency is mainly the effect of an excellent permeability (greater than 15 mm / h) of the organic substrate, resulting in part from the humidification rate greater than 50% and which allows to limit the clogging phenomena, and mainly to optimize the oxygenation of the micro- rhizosphere organisms involved in pollutant degradation. In fact, it is this rhizosphere in contact with humus-rich organic matter that will enable the formation of a root system capable of acting on the shape of the pollutants.

[031] As part of the implantation of the organic filter planted according to the invention in the depollution process described in application inPetição 870170037861, of 06/05/2017, p. 14/45

8/31 ternacional PCT WO 2006/030164, no step of adding natural organic acids is necessary to clean up heavy metals. The implantation of this planted organic filter thus allows a considerable simplification of this process, as well as reducing the cost of use. In addition, there is also no need to add disinfectants (lime and / or chlorine) for correct disinfection of urban sludge.

[032] Finally, the inventor was able to demonstrate the effectiveness of the organic filter filtered according to the invention, on three numerous pollutants in the treatment of solid, liquid or gaseous pollutants; this effectiveness is illustrated in the examples.

[033] These elements prevent the addition of natural organic acids and disinfectants (lime and chlorine).

[034] The present invention has as its object a treatment device for the treatment of polluted water, soil or air with at least one organic filter planted as previously described.

[035] Finally, the present invention has as its object a process of treating polluted water, soil or air comprising the introduction of polluted water, soil or air in such a device.

Description of Figures [036] Figures 1 to 3 are a representation of Table I.

[037] Figures 4 to 7 are a representation of Table II.

[038] Figure 8 (Drawing 1) is a schematic sectional view of a device for treating used water with two successive organic filters with vertical and horizontal filtering respectively, a settling basin and a retention filter.

[039] Figure 8 (Drawing 2) is a schematic sectional view of an organic filter planted for the treatment of used water.

[040] Figure 8 (Drawing 3) is a schematic sectional view

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9/31 of an organic filter planted for the treatment of used water.

[041] Figure 9 (Drawing 4) is a sectional view of a device for treating polluted sludge with a first planted organic filter followed by a retention filter.

[042] Figure 9 (Drawing 5) is a schematic sectional view of a horizontal organic filter for the treatment of polluted air.

[043] Figure 9 (Drawing 6) is a schematic sectional view of a vertical organic filter for the treatment of polluted air.

Detailed Description of the Invention [044] The organic filter planted according to the invention will have vertical or horizontal filtering according to the vertical or horizontal path of the effluents.

[045] With regard to the organic filter planted according to the invention, European or tropical / desert canes are chosen from vegetables that do not benefit from known accumulating capacities for pollutants. Thus, at the end of a depollution cycle, these vegetables are easily recoverable, especially in the field of energy, furniture, construction, decoration and even in the field of human or animal food. In the latter case, it should be noted that in many canes they are used as fodder for the herd in many developing countries.

[046] It is also possible to use other margin plants or wet media that benefit from the same absence of accumulating capacity for pollutants.

[047] These different plants also have a reduced winter rest period in relation to the reeds. Thus, the efficiency of depollution increases mainly in relation to the reed filters due to a greater tolerance to temperature variations.

[048] The different species of European cane and tropiPetição 870170037861, of 05/06/2017, p. 16/45

10/31 available docks / deserts are well known to those skilled in the art, as defined above.

[049] As an example of European and tropical desert canes, we can mention the plants chosen in the group that includes the Acorus Calamus, Amnophila arenaria, Ampelodesmos mauritanicus, Andropogon gerardii, Arundo donax sensu, Bromus inermis, Calamagrostis acutiflora, Calamagrostis arundinacea, , Carex pendula, Chasmanthium latifolium, Chionochloa conspicua, Chusquea culeou, Colocasia esculenta, Cortaderia fulvida, Cortaderia richardi, Cortaderia selloana, Cymbopogon citratus, Cyperus ensiatus, Cyperus giganteus, Cyperus longus, Cyperus cysusis, Amusement, Equisetum hyemale, Equisetum fluviatile, Equisetum maximum, Fargesia murielae, Fargesia nitida, Glyceria maxima, Hibanobambusa tranquillans, Indocalamus solidus, Indocalamus tessellatus, Juncus acutus, Juncus effusus, Leymus arenarius, Miscanthus sinensis, Miscanthus sinensis, Miscanthus sinensis, Miscanthus sinensis, Miscanthus sinensis, Miscanthus sinensis, Miscanthus sinensis, Miscanthus sinensis, Miscanthus sinensis, Miscanthus sinensis , Molinia altissima, Molini a arundinacea, Molinia caerulea, Panicum virgatum, Panicum rigidulum, Papyrus papyrus, Pennisetum et var., Phalaris arundinacea, Saccharum arundinaceum, Saccharum officinarum, Saccharum ravennae, Schoenoplectus californicus, Schoenoplectus sterno, sternepisisponisispeana, sternepisisterneusisterneusisterneusisterneusisterneusisterneusterneus Stipa calamagrostis, Stipa splendens, Typha minima, Thysanolaena latifolia, Typha domingensis, Zizania aquatica, Zizania latifolia and Zizania palustris.

[050] The detailed characteristics of these European and tropical / desert canes are described in Tables I and II respectively.

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Table I

European Canes Common name Latin name Height (m) Estimate production biomass (tons of matter dry / ha / a) Estimated kidnapping carbon (tons of carbo- no / ha / a) Estimated evapotranspi- ration (average annual in mm / d) Calamus- aromatic Acorus Calamus 1.5 9 to 43 2.5 to 5.5 6 Canada- India Arundo donax sensu 4.5 8 to 9 11 to 14 8 Barley Bromus inermis 1 10 to 15 2.5 to 4 4 Straw Carex morrowii 1.5 9 to 13 2 to 3 4 Straw tie- came Carex pendula 1.5 10 to 15 3 to 4 4 Long reed Cyperus longus 1.5 4 to 6 3 to 4 4 Sand dumb Deschampsia cespitosa 1.5 8 to 11 2 to 3 4 Glyceria bigger Glyceria maxima 1.5 8 to 11 4.5 to 21.5 4 Junco Juncus acutus or effusus 1.5 8 to 13 4 to 4.5 4 Horsetail Robo-de- horse Equisetum hye- male 1.5 12 to 17 5 to 7.5 6 Prêle des etangs Equisetum fluvia- tile 1.5 8 to 11 4.5 to 6.5 4 Horsetail giant Equisetum maximum 1.5 to 2 4 to 7 5 to 7.5 6 Molinia bleue Molinia caerulea 1.5 5 to 7 2 to 3 4 Giant Molinia Molinia arundinacea 2 to 3 10 to 12 4 to 5.5 4

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European Canes Common name Latin name Height (m) Estimate production biomass (tons of matter dry / ha / a) Estimated kidnapping carbon (tons of carbo- no / ha / a) Estimated evapotranspi- ration (average annual in mm / d) Grass adornment Stipa calamagros- tis 2 to 3 6 to 8 4 to 5.5 4 Weed Siberia Stipa splendens 2 to 3 10 to 15 4 to 6.5 4 Borro Amnophilaarena- laugh 2 to 3 22 to 27 6 to 8.5 6 Herbe aux vignes Ampelodesmos- mauritanicus 2 to 3 10 to 15 4 to 5.5 4 Grass of Gerardo Andropogon ge- rardii 2 to 3 13 to 26 2 to 3.5 4 Calamagrostide des marais Calamagrostisa- cutlery 2 to 3 17 to 22 2.5 to 3.5 4 Tail dumb Panicum virgatum 2 to 3 10 to 15 5 to 6 6 Straw- white Panicum rigidu- lum 2 to 3 5 to 10 3 to 4 4 Grass canary Phalaris arundi- nacea 2 13 to 26 5 to 7.5 6 Cane Saccharum ravennae 4 to 5 8 to 9 5 to 7.5 6 Junco Schoenoplectus tavernemontanis 2 10 to 15 6.5 to 13 8 Cattail Typha minima 2 4 to 6 2.5 to 5 4 Junco-dos- lakes Scirpus lacustris 2 to 3 8 to 11 6.5 to 13 8

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Table II

Tropical / Desert Canes Name common Name on Latin Height (m) Minimum tolerated temperature (° C) Estimate production biomass (tons of matter dry / ha / a) Estimated kidnapping carbon (tons of carbon) bono / ha / a) Estimate of evapo- sweating (average annual in mm / d) Chas- mantium Chasman- thium latifolium 1 to 2.5 -15 5 to 10 2.5 to 5 4 Chiono- chloa Chiono- chloa conspicuous 1 to 2.5 -10 8 to 12 4 to 6 4 Chus- that Chusquea cule 3 to 4 -10 15 to 20 7.5 to 10 8 Cléom Cleome slimy 3 to 5 -5 10 to 15 5 to 7.5 6 Grass pink Cortaderia so-so 2 to 3 -10 12 to 18 6 to 9 6 Grass Cortaderia richardi 2 to 3 -10 12 to 18 6 to 9 6 Grass- From- pampas Cortaderia selloana 2 to 3 -20 12 to 18 6 to 9 6 Verveine de l'Inde Cymbo- pogon citratus 1 to 2 -10 4 to 6 2 to 3 4 Papyrus Cyperus papyrus 2 to 3 -5 20 to 30 10 to 15 8 Yam- black Colocasia esculenta 3 to 5 -5 10 to 15 5 to 7.5 6 Papyrus du Nil Papyrus papyrus 3 to 5 -5 10 to 15 5 to 7.5 6 Papyrus Cyperus giganteus 3 to 5 -5 10 to 12 5 to 6 6

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Tropical / Desert Canes Name common Name on Latin Height (m) Minimum tolerated temperature (° C) Estimate production biomass (tons of matter dry / ha / a) Estimated kidnapping carbon (tons of carbon) bono / ha / a) Estimate of evapo- sweating (average annual in mm / d) Canna muriel Fargesia murielae 2 to 4 -5 15 to 20 7.5 to 10 8 Canna Fargesia sharp 4 to 5 -5 15 to 20 7.5 to 10 8 Canna shirosh a Hiba- nobambu- sa tranquil- lans 2 to 3 -10 12 to 15 6 to 7.5 6 Petite canne tracer Indocalamus solidus 2 to 3 -10 5 to 8 2.5 to 4 4 Chaume pleureur Indocala- mus tessellatus 2 to 3 -10 5 to 8 2.5 to 4 4 Cavali- line of America Equisetum America- on one 1.5 to 2 -20 10 to 12 5 to 6 6 Lemur Leymusa- renarius 1.5 -15 4 to 6 2 to 3 4 Grass- zebra Mis- canthus sinensis et var. 2 to 3 -15 15 to 18 7.5 to 9 8 Grass- de-Japan Mis- canthus floridulus 3 to 4 -25 15 to 20 7.5 to 10 8 Grass Mis- canthus sacchari- florus 3 to 4 -15 12 to 18 6 to 9 6

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Tropical / Desert Canes Name common Name on Latin Height (m) Minimum tolerated temperature (° C) Estimate production biomass (tons of matter dry / ha / a) Estimated carbon sequestration (tons of carbon bono / ha / a) Estimate of evapo- sweating (average annual in mm / d) Grass giant from China Mis- canthus giganteus 3 to 5 -15 13 to 18 6.5 to 9 8 Weed Chile Molinia very high 2 to 3 -25 4 to 8 2 to 4 4 Weed Asia Calama- grostis arundina- cea 2 to 3 -20 8 to 12 4 to 6 4 Cyperus d'eau Cyperus ensiatus 1.5 -10 5 to 10 2.5 to 5 4 Grass Elegy capensis 2 to 3 -5 5 to 10 2.5 to 5 4 Grass Panicum amarum 2 to 3 -25 5 to 8 2.5 to 4 4 Grass Pennise- tum et var. 2 to 3 -5 4 to 7 2 to 3.5 4 Canade Sugar giant Sac- charum arundina- ceum 4 to 6 -15 35 to 45 17.5 to 22.5 8 Cane Sugar Sac- charum offic- narum 3 to 4 10 30 to 40 15 to 20 8 Schoe- noplec- tus of Califor- nie Schoeno- plectus californi- cus 3 to 4 -15 16 to 30 8 to 15 8

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Tropical / Desert Canes Name common Name on Latin Height (m) Minimum tolerated temperature (° C) Estimate production biomass (tons of matter dry / ha / a) Estimated carbon sequestration (tons of carbon bono / ha / a) Estimate of evapo- sweating (annual average in mm / d) Weed Siberia Sponio- pogon sibiricus 3 to 4 -25 4 to 6 2 to 3 4 Grass- bamboo Thysano- laena latifolia 5 to 6 10 8 to 12 4 to 6 4 Cattail Typha domin- gensis 4 to 5 -15 10 to 15 5 to 7.5 6 Rice black Zizania aquatic 3 to 4 -25 6 to 9 3 to 4.5 4 Rice Asia Zizania latifolia 3 to 4 -5 6 to 9 3 to 4.5 4 Rice Zizania palustris 3 to 4 -30 5 to 8 2.5 to 4 4 Sorghum jungle- gem Sorghumh alepeus 2 to 3 -5 18 to 23 9 to 11.5 8 Spartina Sparti- naalterni- flora 2 to 3 -5 10 to 50 5 to 25 6

[051] Preferably, the organic filter planted according to the invention comprises at least two species, better three species and, preferably, at least four different species of European and / or tropical / desert canes.

[052] According to a specific embodiment, in which the organic filter is intended to treat polluted waters, the different species of European and tropical / desert canes of the planted organic filter of the invention are chosen from the group consisting of Bromus inermis,

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Cyperus longus, Molinia caerulea, Molinia arundinacea, Stipa splendens, Saccharum ravennae, Schoenoplectus tabernaemontanis, Scirpus lacustris, Cortaderia fulvida, Cortaderia richardi, Cortaderia selloana, Cyperus papyrus, Papyrus sinanus, Miscanthusthanthususan, Miscperus giant, Cyperus , Molinia altissima, Cyperus ensiatus, Elegia capensis, Saccharum arundinaceum, Saccharum officinarum, Schoenoplectus californicus, Typha domingensis, Zizania aquatica, Zizania latifolia, and Zizania palustris.

[053] According to another specific embodiment, in which the organic filter is intended to treat polluted air, the different European and / or tropical / desert species of the planted organic filter of the invention are chosen from the group consisting of Carex morrowii, Carex pendula, Equisetum hyemale, Equisetum fluviatile, Equisetum maximum, Stipa calamagrostis, Stipa splendens, Calamagrostis acutiflora, Cortaderia fulvida, Cortaderia richardi, Cortaderia selloana, Equisetum americanum and Calamagrostis arundinacea.

[054] According to yet another specific embodiment, in which the organic filter is intended to treat polluted soils, the different species of European and / or tropical / desert canes of the planted organic filter of the invention are chosen from the group consisting of Carex morrowii , Carex pendula, Molinia caerulea, Molinia arundinacea, Panicum virgatum, Panicum rigidulum, Miscanthus sinensis, Miscanthus floridulus, Miscanthus sacchariflorus, Miscanthus giganteus, Molinia altissima, and Panicum amarum.

[055] The density of European and / or tropical / desert canes in the planted organic filter is advantageously between 15 and 15 plants / m ² , preferably with a density of 10 plants / m ² on average.

[056] To ensure the effectiveness of the organic filter planted, the species 870170037861, dated 06/05/2017, p. 24/45

18/31 sura of the organic substrate must be between 300 and 1500 mm depending on the depollution to be carried out.

[057] More specifically, the thickness of the organic substrate is between 300 and 700 mm in the case of an organic filter for the removal of polluted water or soil, and between 300 and 1500 mm in an organic filter for the removal of polluted air.

[058] For the organic substrate, a compound is preferably a compound as defined by standard NF U44-051, also presenting at least one of the characteristics listed in table III below.

Table III

Component* Proportion Organic matter > 50% Dry matter > 30% Total phosphorus (PT) Between 1 and 10% Potassium Between 1 and 10% Calcium Between 1 and 10% Magnesium Between 0.1 and 1% Fiber rate > 20% Density Between 0.3 and 0.6 Organic ash rate (fine fully mineralized organic of) <10% Carbon / Nitrogen Ratio > 100

[059] See works by GUIDON and VALAT (1988) on the study of Baupte peat in the Channel to define these different components.

[060] Preferably, this compound will be rich in lignin and fibers with a lignin content greater than 30% as observed

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19/31 mainly in blond peat. The nature of blond peat is well known to the professional and results from the transformation of moss and is rich in cellulose fiber and carbon. Their texture is said to be fibric and their other essential features are low density, high water content and low mineral ash content, as they are often young (2,000 years). An equivalent material can be obtained with a minimum composting time of 2 to 3 years.

[061] The outlet for non-degraded pollutants takes the form of one or more recovery drains, well known to professionals.

[062] To facilitate the evacuation of leachate, the pollutant outlet is positioned in a drainage layer made up of galls, gravel or another drainage material equivalent to the organic substrate.

[063] To guarantee the effectiveness of the draining layer, its thickness must be between 100 and 1500 mm, preferably between 150 and 1000 mm and, even better, between 200 and 500 mm.

[064] The organic filter, according to the invention, is isolated from the soil by means of waterproofing, which prevent the infiltration of pollutants into the natural environment and are well known to professionals. Preferably, these waterproofing means will take the form of a geomembrane.

[065] The organic filter according to the invention comprises an aeration system that advantageously connects the draining layer to the surface. This aeration system makes it possible to improve the effectiveness of drought periods within the framework of the succession of irrigation / drying cycles described in the international application PCT WO 2006/030164.

[066] This aeration system can take the form of vents connected to the base of the organic filter planted through sheaths

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20/31 or plumbing. This aeration system can be connected to the recovery drains located in the draining layer.

[067] Advantageously, these aeration systems take the form of vents connected on the one hand to the organic substrate and, on the other hand, to the recovery drains arranged in the draining layer at the base of the planted organic filter, by means of sheaths or pipes .

[068] Depending on the nature of the effluent to be treated, the nature of the organic filter planted according to the invention may differ slightly. Thus, as part of a treatment of gaseous effluents, the organic filter planted according to the invention will also comprise an irrigation system.

[069] Preferably, the organic filter planted according to the invention will comprise one or more valves associated with the outlet of the non-degraded pollutants and the outlet for the pollutants to be treated, as well as possibly in the irrigation system in the case of treatment of gaseous effluents.

[070] These different valves improve the supply and drainage of the organic filter planted according to the invention and, above all, organize the succession of irrigation / drying cycles (anaerobic / aerobic period) of the process, as described in the international application PCT WO 2006 / 030164 in order to optimize pollutant degradation by rhizosphere microorganisms.

[071] Advantageously, these valves allow the organization of the irrigation / drying cycles of the organic filter planted according to the pollution to be treated.

[072] Also advantageously, these valves allow the organization of a distribution of the periods of irrigation / drying corresponding to a ratio 2/1 to 1/50, preferably from 1/1 to

1/20, for example, from 1/2 to 1/20, and, particularly preferably 870170037861, of 06/05/2017, p. 27/45

21/31, from 1/3 to 1/20.

[073] According to a particular embodiment, the organic filter planted according to the invention aims to retain pollutants, mainly metallic, and the compound used thus takes the form of pre-mineralized vegetable waste with characteristics listed in table IV below.

Table IV

Component Proportion Organic matter > 50% Dry matter > 30% PT Between 5 and 10% Potassium Between 5 and 10% Calcium Between 5 and 10% Magnesium Between 5 and 10% Fiber rate > 40% Density Between 0.2 and 0.4 Organic ash rate <6% Carbon / Hydrogen Ratio > 30

[074] Such characteristics can be obtained simply with a minimum composting time of 3 years of vegetable waste or with dark peat.

[075] Indeed, the inventor was able to demonstrate the effectiveness mainly of dark peat for fixing heavy metals. This peat comes from the transformation of woody vegetable waste (different trees) and ericaceae. It is made up of fibers mixed with finer elements, resulting from a more intense degradation of the vegetables, giving them a texture. It is older (5,000 years old) than blond peat.

[076] With this particular form of organic filter planted, the inventor was able to demonstrate that the metallic elements were fixed on the

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22/31 peat particles at the peat / root interface. More specifically, it could be demonstrated that in less than 10 minutes 90% of the zinc (with an initial concentration of 1 mmol / l) was absorbed in the dark peat. The time of water infiltration to the drain drains is enough to fix the zinc in the peat. Thus, one must recover, and then add value to some pollutants as a raw material. Research carried out on land polluted by copper (Cu ² +) showed the presence of metallic copper (Cu) in the form of aggregates and this when the leachate did not contain it. It seems, therefore, that the biological activity of the microorganisms present in the roots and / or that of the roots themselves allows the reduction of organic copper in metallic form and the consecutive aggregation of copper atoms in the form of grains; reduction and aggregation look like detoxification.

[077] In any case, this particular form of planted organic filter makes it possible to obtain an extreme concentration of pollutants cheaply and the organic part of the filter that concentrates the pollutants can then be simply evacuated to an adapted treatment center (burial) , incineration or, in case of abundant deposits, installation of an extraction line).

[078] A second object of the invention relates to a device for the treatment of water, soil or polluted air, integrating at least one organic filter planted according to the invention, as previously described.

[079] The pollution in question may result in at least one pollutant chosen from the group of heavy metals, organochlorines, salts, sulfur, sulfites and their mixtures.

[080] In a first embodiment, the device aims to treat polluted water, with two stages, called vertical filters and horizontal filters, each composed of at least one organic filter planted according to the invention with infilPetition 870170037861, 06/06/2017, p. 29/45

23/31 vertical or horizontal traction respectively.

[081] Preferably, the number of independent planted filters for each stage (composed respectively of organic filters planted with vertical or horizontal filtration) is 4 or more, preferably approximately 10. This number allows to proportionally increase the duration of rest in relation to the duration of operation and improve treatment efficiency without the addition of chemical reagents.

[082] The device may also comprise, in addition to a possible liquefaction compartment, means to separate the suspended matter present in polluted waters or sludge. These means will advantageously take the form of a railing, a tank and / or a decanter-digester.

[083] Typically, the irrigation / drying cycles of the planted organic filter will be from 4 hours to several months in cases of polluted sludge, preferably from 12 hours to 2 months and more preferably on the order of one month.

[084] The organization of these cycles will be slightly different in the case of used water treatment, with irrigation / drying cycles from 4 hours to several months, preferably from 1 to 15 days and particularly preferential from 1 to 7 days.

[085] This important variation is due to the fact that in case of sludge pollution (as well as for soils), the dissolution of non-degradable species requires a long washing time, while in the case of pollution of the waters, non-degradable species are already in a more easily soluble form, simplifying their leaching in the organic filter planted.

[086] In another embodiment, the device aims to treat gaseous effluents, with at least one organic filter planted with a thickness of at least 30 cm; this thickness

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24/31 constitutes a limit for vertical filtering walls or for filtering ceilings.

[087] This device can then take the form of an organic filter planted with horizontal filtration or a vertical filtering wall.

[088] The device thus comprises at least one inlet for gaseous effluents positioned on the organic substrate and, in addition, an irrigation system allows rational irrigation so that the substrate is cyclically under hydromorphic conditions.

[089] The gaseous effluents to be treated are taken through the planted filter and part of the pollutants are then degraded by microorganisms. Another part is transformed into a sparingly soluble and non-bioavailable form. The rest of the pollutants remain in the filter and are then leached, and these leaches are recovered in the drain at the bottom of the filter.

[090] In this case, the irrigation / drying cycles of the planted organic filter will be from 2 to 24 hours, preferably from 5 to 200 minutes and particularly preferably in the order of 10 minutes.

[091] The fact that the irrigation / drying cycles are so short for the water used is linked to the effluent to be treated. In effect, the introduction of air greatly speeds up the drying speed of the planted organic filter, which in fact implies an important reduction in the time of the irrigation / drying cycles, in order to have a viable and functional planted organic filter.

[092] In another complementary embodiment, the device is aimed at treating polluted soils.

[093] In this case, the device is similar to that used for the treatment of polluted sludge and may also include a first liquefaction compartment that allows the transformation of polluted soils or polluted sludge by increasing dryness in order to facilitate traPetition 870170037861, 05 / 06/2017, p. 31/45

25/31 of those soils. As before, the device may then comprise, in addition to these liquefaction compartments, means for separating suspended matter present in the polluted sludge as described above.

[094] In case of impossibility, it is also possible to replace that first liquefaction compartment with a planted organic filter that differs from the organic filter planted according to the invention, and as described previously in that the organic substrate is replaced there by the polluted soil . The lye resulting from this planted organic filter is then treated in two successive stages, called vertical filters and horizontal filters, each composed of at least one organic filter planted according to the invention with vertical or horizontal filtering respectively.

[095] For such a polluted soil treatment device, the irrigation / drying cycles of the planted organic filter will be from 4 hours to several months in the case of polluted soils, preferably from 12 hours to 2 months and particularly preferably in the order month.

[096] In a preferred embodiment of the device according to the invention, it uses closed circuit irrigation, in order to save water.

[097] In another preferred embodiment of the device according to the invention, it also comprises at least one organic filter planted in which the compound is a dark peat with a view to the retention of pollutants, mainly metallic.

[098] A third object of the invention aims at a process of treating polluted water, soil or air, with the introduction of polluted water, soil or air in a device, as previously described.

[099] Other characteristics of the invention will appear in examples 870170037861, of 06/05/2017, p. 32/45

26/31 below, without limiting the invention.

Examples

Example of a device for the removal of gaseous effluents [0100] Figure 9 (Drawing 6) illustrates the structure of a vertical organic filter for the filtration of gaseous effluents with a flow rate of 8000 Nm3 / h.

[0101] This vertical organic filter is positioned along a wall (19) from which it is isolated by a geomembraba (20). An arrival for gaseous effluents is connected to an aeration network (13) and allows the gaseous effluents to be carried on the organic substrate (4) planted with European and / or tropical / desert canes (6). Between the aeration network (13) and the organic substrate (4), a vacuum (22) is maintained to ensure a correct distribution of the effluents. To avoid drying the organic substrate due to the arrival of gaseous effluents, the organic substrate (4) is run through an irrigation network (15). Likewise, to ensure the maintenance of the organic substrate (4), it rests on a gabion-like armature embedded in the wall.

[0102] The performance of a device according to figure 9 (Drawing 6) is described in table V below:

Table V

Loads Incoming Concentrations Going out Yield Parameters mg / Nm ³ mg / Nm ³ % NH3 8.2 2 76% H2S 4.6 0.1 98% Mercaptanos 2.2 0.1 95% HCl 220 1.1 95% NO2 5200 321 94%

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volatile organic compounds (VOC) 2.7 0.5 81% 10 pm particles at least (PM10) 16.2 2 88% Hydrocarbons 17.8 0.05 100% ves Germs 10240 50 100%

[0103] Figure 9 (Drawing 5) illustrates the structure of another filter for the treatment of gaseous effluents in which the gaseous effluents penetrate through an inlet (10) at the base of the filter isolated from the soil by a geomembrane (2). The base of these organic filters comprises wooden supports (18), through which the effluents arrive (10) and on which a lattice rests (17). In this lattice (17), there is successively a draining layer (5), followed by a specific organic substrate (4) planted with European and / or tropical / desert canes (6). Upon their arrival, the gaseous effluents pass through the draining layer, then the organic substrate where they are degraded and, some of them, accumulated. An irrigation system (15) allows for irrigation / drying periods at the filter level and, in parallel, to evacuate the non-degraded pollutants (16) for complementary treatment in other filters.

2. Example of a device for the depollution of used water [0104] Figure 8 (Drawing 1) illustrates the structure of the device that allows the treatment of organic matter present in used water. This device comprises two successive organic filters, the first being vertical filtering and the second horizontal filtering. [0105] Figure 8 (Drawings 2 and 3) show two possible structures of organic filters in which an arrival of polluted water (1) takes the effluents to be treated to the level of the organic filter isolated from the soil by a geomembrane (2) . Wastewater effluents

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28/31 then cross the organic substrate (4) planted with European and / or tropical / desert canes (6) with a minimum height (8) before reaching the drainage layer (5) that can be overlaid with an intermediate filter layer ( 13) comprising mainly sand or small gravel. In all cases, the filters have a minimum thickness of organic substrate (9). To guarantee the good degradation of the pollutants as they pass through the filter, a low aeration is performed by the collection drain (3) and a strong aeration (7) is carried out between the draining layer and the organic substrate.

[0106] The effluents of used water, after treatment by passing through the first two organic filters of the device described in figure 8 (Drawing 1), are evacuated by an arrival (10) in a basin with steps (11) and with oxygenating aquatic plants (11). This basin constitutes a feed for the above retention filter, through a drain (3) that also aerates between two basin fills. This drain (3) takes the pre-treated effluents to the organic substrate (4) of the retention filter planted with European and / or tropical / desert canes (6). The last pollutants present are degraded or accumulated in that last filter.

[0107] The performance of such a device has been tested in two different locations and is described in tables VI and VII below.

Table VI

Loads Incoming Concentrations Going out Yield Parameters mg / l mg / l % pH 7.5 7.8 Matter in suspension are (MES) 4480 20 99.6% Chemical demand oxygen (DCO) 5718 63 98.9%

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Loads Incoming Concentrations Going out Yield Biological demand oxygen (BOD5) 685 47 93.1% Organic matter (MO) 2362 280 88.1% Nitrogen (NTK) 16 9.3 41.9% NH4 + NC 0.23 - Pt 7 1.9 72.9% Zinc 3.4 0.36 89.4%

Table VII

Incoming Loads Concentrations Going out Yield Parameters mg / l mg / l % pH 7.65 7.65 MONTH 89 25 71.9% DCO 299 125 58.2% DBO5 102 32 68.6% NTK 1.1 2.5 80.9% Pt 2.7 1.7 37.0% Hydrocarbons 1.5 0.05 96.7% Total 4HAP 0.2 0.01 95.0% Total 6HAP 0.5 0.04 92.0% At 0.05 0.05 0.0% CD 0.02 0.01 50.0% Cr 0.06 0.05 16.7% Ass 1.0 0.05 95.0% Ni 0.08 0.05 37.5% Pb 5.1 0.1 98.0% Zn 4.3 0.4 90.7%

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Incoming Loads Concentrations Going out Yield Parameters mg / l mg / l % Al 7.1 0.1 98.6% Airborne bacteria bias 3,000,000 186,000 93.8% 3. Example of a device for the camera pollution of polluted soils

[0108] Figure 9 (Drawing 4) illustrates the structure of a device that allows the treatment of organic matter present in soil or polluted sludge.

[0109] This device includes an arrival (1) for polluted soils or sludge that takes the effluents to be treated at the level of the organic filter isolated from the soil by a geomembrane (2). The level of the organic filter (14) then increases gradually, as do the European and / or tropical / desert canes (6). These are chosen because they have a height at maturity (8) greater than 1.2 m. When the filter is irrigated, which can be effected by the effluent liquid or by a complementary irrigation system, the effluent pollutants progressively pass through the organic substrate (4) before reaching the drainage layer (5) where a drain is positioned ( 10) which allows the leachate to be evacuated to the retention filter. In order to guarantee a good degradation of the pollutants in their passage through the organic filter, a low aeration is done by the collection drain (3) and a strong aeration (7) is done between the draining layer and the organic substrate. [0110] The leachate evacuated through the drain (10) to the retention filter reaches the drainage layer (5) of the latter and, as it rises, penetrates a specific organic substrate (5) quite thick (9) planted with reeds European and / or tropical / desert (6) which are also chosen because they have a height at maturity (8) greater than 1.2 m.

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31/31 [0111] The performance of such a device is described in table VIII below:

Table VIII

Loads Incoming Concentrations Going out Yield Parameters mg / l mg / l % pH 7.5 7.0 MS 8354 36 99.6% MONTH 7241 25 99.7% DCO 6055 200 96.7% DBO 1910 40 97.9% Carbon 2640 360 86.4% Organic NTK 211 0.5 99.8% nh ₄ 11.4 0.08 99.3% P total 37 8 78.4%

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Claims (5)

1. Process for treating polluted water (1) by heavy metals and intended for retention by fixing heavy metals, characterized by the fact that it comprises the introduction of polluted water (1) in a treatment device comprising at least one organic filter planted , in which the organic filter planted comprises: - an entrance for the pollutants to be treated, - an outlet for non-degraded pollutants (16), - filtering and clean-up means interposed between the entry and exit of pollutants, in which said filtering and clean-up means are such that: a) an organic substrate (4) composed of 10-20% non-soluble aggregates and with an irregular surface chosen from pozzolana, flint and silica sand, with more than 30% vegetable fibers, and 20-40% compost preferably having a biological stability index (ISB) greater than 0.5, where the compound is dark peat, b) said organic substrate (4) is planted with European and / or tropical / desert canes (6), in which said canes preferably favor a high carbon dioxide sequestration. 2. Treatment process according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that said vegetable fibers are in the form of a woody material. 3. Treatment process according to claim 1 or 2, characterized by the fact that said vegetable fibers in the form of woody material are chosen from the group of bagasse from sugar cane, coconut shell, palm leaves, bark and mainly pine bark. 4. Treatment process according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized by the fact that said reeds Petition 870180012055, of 02/15/2018, p. 10/39 2/2 European and / or tropical / desert (6) are chosen from the group comprising Acorus Calamus, Amnophila arenaria, Ampelodesmos mauritanicus, Andropogon gerardii, Arundo donax sensu, Bromus inermis, Calamagrostis acutiflora, Calamagrostis arundinacea, Carex morrowii, Carex Chasmanthium latifolium, Chionochloa conspicua, Chusquea culeou, Colocasia esculenta, Cortaderia fulvida, Cortaderia richardi, Cortaderia selloana, Cymbopogon citratus, Cyperus ensiatus, Cyperus longus, Cyperus papyrus, Equhampsia cisumisisisisisisisisisisisisisisisisisis , Equisetum maximum, Fargesia murielae, Fargesia nitida, Glyceria maxima, Hibanobambusa tranquillans, Indocalamus solidus, Indocalamus tessellatus, Juncus acutus, Juncus effusus, Leymus arenarius, Miscanthus sinensis et var. arundinacea, Molinia caerulea, Panicum virga tum, Panicum rigidulum, Papyrus papyrus, Pennisetum et var., Phalaris arundinacea, Saccharum arundinaceum, Saccharum officinarum, Saccharum ravennae, Schoenoplectus californicus, Schoenoplectus tabernaemontanis, Scirpus lacustris, Sternumora, sternogeipa, sorghumlepe minima, Thysanolaena latifolia, Typha domingensis, Zizania aquatica, Zizania latifolia and Zizania palustris. 5. Treatment process according to claim 4, characterized by the fact that it comprises at least two different species of European and / or tropical / desert canes (6). Petition 870180012055, of 02/15/2018, p. 11/39 1/9