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Understanding the Implications of Opium Usage in Follow-Up of Myocardial Infarction Patients: Insights from a Cross-sectional Study

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Abstract

Background/Objective

Substance abuse poses a significant public health issue in many nations across the globe. This study investigates the impact of opium consumption on rehospitalization and mortality in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) over a 2-year period.

Methods

This cross-sectional study was conducted at Chamran Tertiary Heart Center and investigated the impacts of opium use on survivors of STEMI during the COVID-19 pandemic (2021–2023). Two years after their myocardial infarction, eligible patients were invited for a follow-up appointment with a blinded cardiologist. During this visit, data were collected on medical history, comorbidities, results of coronary angiography and interventions, current opium dependency, rehospitalization, and mortality. Data analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 25.

Results

Out of 219 patients, the mean age of the opium-using group was 53.94 ± 10.55 years, while the non-opium users had an average age of 56.30 ± 11.66 years. Comorbidities were not significantly different between the two groups. Among the participants, 48 required hospitalization, including eight individuals (21.6%) from the opium group and 40 patients (22.1%) in the non-opium-using group, primarily for heart failure or recurrent percutaneous coronary intervention. Additionally, 35 patients died, predominantly due to cardiogenic shock.

Conclusions

This study found no significant difference in comorbidity burden, stenosis location, rates of rehospitalization, or mortality between opium users and non-users in patients diagnosed with STEMI over 2 years. Future research with larger sample sizes is needed to explore these associations in greater depth.

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Data Availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Code Availability

Not applicable.

Abbreviations

ASCVD:

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease

CABG:

Coronary artery bypass grafting

CAD:

Coronary artery disease

CVD:

Cardiovascular disease

COVID-19:

Coronavirus disease 2019

CRP:

C-reactive protein

DALYs:

Disability-adjusted life years

DM:

Diabetes mellitus

DSM-IV-TR:

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision

EF:

Ejection fraction

HbA1c:

Hemoglobin A1c

HLP:

Hyperlipidemia

HTN:

Hypertension

MI:

Myocardial infarction

NSTEMI:

Non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction

OR:

Odds ratio

PCI:

Percutaneous coronary intervention

PCR:

Polymerase chain reaction

STEMI:

ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction

UA:

Unstable angina

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Acknowledgements

This study was the subject of Dr. Shabnam Hassan-Ajili's dissertation.

Funding

This work was supported by Isfahan University of Medical Sciences [grant number 53093].

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Hypertension Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

    Fereshteh Sattar

  2. Cardiac Rehabilitation Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

    Afshin Amirpour & Masoumeh Sadeghi

  3. Clinical Research Development Unit, Hajar Hospital, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran

    Shabnam Hassan-Ajili & Pedram Babaee

  4. Cardiology Department, Toowoomba Hospital, Queensland Health, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia

    Mohammad Kermani-Alghoraishi

  5. Interventional Cardiology Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

    Ehsan Shirvani

  6. Department of Community and Family Medicine, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

    Anahita Babak

Authors
  1. Fereshteh Sattar
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  2. Afshin Amirpour
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  3. Shabnam Hassan-Ajili
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  5. Ehsan Shirvani
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  7. Masoumeh Sadeghi
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Contributions

Conceptualization: Sattar Fereshteh, Hassan-Ajili Shabnam, Data curation: Hassan-Ajili Shabnam, Amirpour Afshin, Sadeghi Masoumeh, Formal Analysis: Sattar Fereshteh, Amirpour Afshin, Funding acquisition: Sattar Fereshteh, Investigation: Sattar Fereshteh, Hassan-Ajili Shabnam, Methodology: Sattar Fereshteh, Mohammad Kermani-Alghoraishi, Sadeghi Masoumeh, Project administration: Sattar Fereshteh, Hassan-Ajili Shabnam, Resources: Shirvani Ehsan, Babak Anahita, Pedram Babaee, Supervision: Babak Anahita, Pedram Babaee, Validation: Pedram Babaee, Hassan-Ajili Shabnam, Visualization: Babak Anahita, Pedram Babaee, Writing – original draft: Sattar Fereshteh, Hassan-Ajili Shabnam, Writing – review & editing: Sattar Fereshteh, Hassan-Ajili Shabnam, Amirpour Afshin, Mohammad Kermani-Alghoraishi.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Shabnam Hassan-Ajili.

Ethics declarations

Ethics Approval

The study was approved by the ethics committee of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (Ethics code: IR.MUI.MED.REC.1399.572). Written informed consent was obtained from the patients in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration.

Consent to Participate

Written informed consent was obtained from the patients in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration.

Consent for Publication

Written informed consent was obtained from the patients in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

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Sattar, F., Amirpour, A., Hassan-Ajili, S. et al. Understanding the Implications of Opium Usage in Follow-Up of Myocardial Infarction Patients: Insights from a Cross-sectional Study. SN Compr. Clin. Med. 7, 328 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42399-025-02094-w

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