diff --git a/src/proto_016_PtMumbai/lib_sc_rollup_node/commitment_event.ml b/src/proto_016_PtMumbai/lib_sc_rollup_node/commitment_event.ml
index e5d62ef4337c738934ab3f3975eb9d582a244452..92c014f0ab7c27c4598f452eb8ce8bb50e5d4347 100644
--- a/src/proto_016_PtMumbai/lib_sc_rollup_node/commitment_event.ml
+++ b/src/proto_016_PtMumbai/lib_sc_rollup_node/commitment_event.ml
@@ -71,7 +71,18 @@ module Simple = struct
       ~msg:
         "Last cemented commitment was updated to hash {hash} at inbox level \
          {level}"
-      ~level:Notice
+      ~level:Debug
+      ("hash", Sc_rollup.Commitment.Hash.encoding)
+      ("level", Raw_level.encoding)
+
+  let last_published_commitment_updated =
+    declare_2
+      ~section
+      ~name:"sc_rollup_node_lpc_updated"
+      ~msg:
+        "Last published commitment was updated to hash {hash} at inbox level \
+         {level}"
+      ~level:Debug
       ("hash", Sc_rollup.Commitment.Hash.encoding)
       ("level", Raw_level.encoding)
 
@@ -182,6 +193,9 @@ let commitment_stored = emit_commitment_event Simple.commitment_stored
 let last_cemented_commitment_updated head level =
   Simple.(emit last_cemented_commitment_updated (head, level))
 
+let last_published_commitment_updated head level =
+  Simple.(emit last_published_commitment_updated (head, level))
+
 let compute_commitment level = Simple.(emit compute_commitment level)
 
 let publish_commitment head level =
diff --git a/src/proto_016_PtMumbai/lib_sc_rollup_node/commitment_event.mli b/src/proto_016_PtMumbai/lib_sc_rollup_node/commitment_event.mli
index 6f583d61cc72d497a7671cda2dccb1f0055215d6..89b337266710ca554b6cadb31a84abb9b1798503 100644
--- a/src/proto_016_PtMumbai/lib_sc_rollup_node/commitment_event.mli
+++ b/src/proto_016_PtMumbai/lib_sc_rollup_node/commitment_event.mli
@@ -53,6 +53,12 @@ val commitment_will_not_be_published :
 val last_cemented_commitment_updated :
   Sc_rollup.Commitment.Hash.t -> Raw_level.t -> unit Lwt.t
 
+(** [last_published_commitment_updated hash level] emits the event that the last
+    published commitment was updated to the given [hash] at the given inbox
+    [level]. *)
+val last_published_commitment_updated :
+  Sc_rollup.Commitment.Hash.t -> Raw_level.t -> unit Lwt.t
+
 (** [commitment_parent_is_not_lcc predecessor_hash last_cemented_commitment_hash]
     emits the event that a commitment at the given inbox [level] is being
     published, whose parent is the last cemented commitment, but the
diff --git a/src/proto_016_PtMumbai/lib_sc_rollup_node/components.ml b/src/proto_016_PtMumbai/lib_sc_rollup_node/components.ml
index 70f7e12c8ed8440aab476f29429a146de9c5b708..1d5b8c0984fa5b2e47436c05a3438776b4adbf15 100644
--- a/src/proto_016_PtMumbai/lib_sc_rollup_node/components.ml
+++ b/src/proto_016_PtMumbai/lib_sc_rollup_node/components.ml
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ module Make (PVM : Pvm.S) = struct
   module Interpreter = Interpreter.Make (PVM)
   module Commitment = Commitment.Make (PVM)
   module Simulation = Simulation.Make (Interpreter)
-  module Refutation_game = Refutation_game.Make (Interpreter)
+  module Refutation_coordinator = Refutation_coordinator.Make (Interpreter)
   module Batcher = Batcher.Make (Simulation)
   module RPC_server = RPC_server.Make (Simulation) (Batcher)
 end
diff --git a/src/proto_016_PtMumbai/lib_sc_rollup_node/daemon.ml b/src/proto_016_PtMumbai/lib_sc_rollup_node/daemon.ml
index e52d3e6bed119a88262e46ed4f61e9e6dc7c585e..c42785dd61694e22517f159922e77bf401faeb3c 100644
--- a/src/proto_016_PtMumbai/lib_sc_rollup_node/daemon.ml
+++ b/src/proto_016_PtMumbai/lib_sc_rollup_node/daemon.ml
@@ -111,6 +111,11 @@ module Make (PVM : Pvm.S) = struct
                 Some (Raw_level.of_int32_exn head.Layer1.level);
             }
         in
+        let*! () =
+          Commitment_event.last_published_commitment_updated
+            commitment_hash
+            (Raw_level.of_int32_exn head.Layer1.level)
+        in
         return_unit
     | ( Sc_rollup_publish {commitment = their_commitment; rollup},
         Sc_rollup_publish_result
@@ -449,7 +454,7 @@ module Make (PVM : Pvm.S) = struct
     let* () = Components.Commitment.Publisher.publish_commitments () in
     let* () = Components.Commitment.Publisher.cement_commitments () in
     let*! () = Daemon_event.new_heads_processed reorg.new_chain in
-    let* () = Components.Refutation_game.process head node_ctxt in
+    let* () = Components.Refutation_coordinator.process head in
     let* () = Components.Batcher.batch () in
     let* () = Components.Batcher.new_head head in
     let*! () = Injector.inject ~header () in
@@ -470,6 +475,8 @@ module Make (PVM : Pvm.S) = struct
     let* () = Components.Batcher.shutdown () in
     let* () = message "Shutting down Commitment Publisher@." in
     let* () = Components.Commitment.Publisher.shutdown () in
+    let* () = message "Shutting down Refutation Coordinator@." in
+    let* () = Components.Refutation_coordinator.shutdown () in
     let* (_ : unit tzresult) = Node_context.close node_ctxt in
     let* () = Event.shutdown_node exit_status in
     Tezos_base_unix.Internal_event_unix.close ()
@@ -528,6 +535,7 @@ module Make (PVM : Pvm.S) = struct
                (operator, strategy, purposes))
       in
       let* () = Components.Commitment.Publisher.init node_ctxt in
+      let* () = Components.Refutation_coordinator.init node_ctxt in
       let* () =
         Injector.init
           node_ctxt.cctxt
diff --git a/src/proto_016_PtMumbai/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_coordinator.ml b/src/proto_016_PtMumbai/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_coordinator.ml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..183553ddda91361e28eeb2d1cfc7634f8d31de09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/proto_016_PtMumbai/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_coordinator.ml
@@ -0,0 +1,248 @@
+(*****************************************************************************)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(* Open Source License                                                       *)
+(* Copyright (c) 2023 Nomadic Labs, <contact@nomadic-labs.com>               *)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(* Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a   *)
+(* copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),*)
+(* to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation *)
+(* the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,  *)
+(* and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the     *)
+(* Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:      *)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(* The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included   *)
+(* in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.                    *)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(* THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR*)
+(* IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,  *)
+(* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL   *)
+(* THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER*)
+(* LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING   *)
+(* FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER       *)
+(* DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.                                                 *)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(*****************************************************************************)
+
+open Protocol
+open Alpha_context
+open Refutation_coordinator_types
+
+module type S = sig
+  module PVM : Pvm.S
+
+  val init : Node_context.rw -> unit tzresult Lwt.t
+
+  val process : Layer1.head -> unit tzresult Lwt.t
+
+  val shutdown : unit -> unit Lwt.t
+end
+
+(* Count instances of the coordinator functor to allow for multiple
+   worker events without conflicts. *)
+let instances_count = ref 0
+
+module Make (Interpreter : Interpreter.S) = struct
+  include Refutation_game.Make (Interpreter)
+  module Player = Refutation_player.Make (Interpreter)
+  module Pkh_map = Signature.Public_key_hash.Map
+  module Pkh_table = Signature.Public_key_hash.Table
+
+  let () = incr instances_count
+
+  type state = {
+    node_ctxt : Node_context.rw;
+    pending_opponents : unit Pkh_table.t;
+  }
+
+  let get_conflicts cctxt head_block =
+    Plugin.RPC.Sc_rollup.conflicts cctxt (cctxt#chain, head_block)
+
+  let get_ongoing_games cctxt head_block =
+    Plugin.RPC.Sc_rollup.ongoing_refutation_games cctxt (cctxt#chain, head_block)
+
+  let untracked_conflicts opponent_players conflicts =
+    List.filter
+      (fun conflict ->
+        not
+        @@ Pkh_map.mem
+             conflict.Sc_rollup.Refutation_storage.other
+             opponent_players)
+      conflicts
+
+  (* Transform the list of ongoing games [(Game.t * pkh * pkh) list]
+     into a mapping from opponents' pkhs to their corresponding game
+     state.
+  *)
+  let make_game_map self ongoing_games =
+    List.fold_left
+      (fun acc (game, alice, bob) ->
+        let opponent_pkh =
+          if Signature.Public_key_hash.equal self alice then bob else alice
+        in
+        Pkh_map.add opponent_pkh game acc)
+      Pkh_map.empty
+      ongoing_games
+
+  let on_process Layer1.{hash; level} state =
+    let node_ctxt = state.node_ctxt in
+    let head_block = `Hash (hash, 0) in
+    let open Lwt_result_syntax in
+    let refute_signer = Node_context.get_operator node_ctxt Refute in
+    match refute_signer with
+    | None ->
+        (* Not injecting refutations, don't play refutation games *)
+        return_unit
+    | Some self ->
+        let Node_context.{rollup_address; cctxt; _} = node_ctxt in
+        (* Current conflicts in L1 *)
+        let* conflicts = get_conflicts cctxt head_block rollup_address self in
+        (* Map of opponents the node is playing against to the corresponding
+           player worker *)
+        let opponent_players =
+          Pkh_map.of_seq @@ List.to_seq @@ Player.current_games ()
+        in
+        (* Conflicts for which we need to start new refutation players.
+           Some of these might be ongoing. *)
+        let new_conflicts = untracked_conflicts opponent_players conflicts in
+        (* L1 ongoing games *)
+        let* ongoing_games =
+          get_ongoing_games cctxt head_block rollup_address self
+        in
+        (* Map between opponents and their corresponding games *)
+        let ongoing_game_map = make_game_map self ongoing_games in
+        (* Launch new players for new conflicts, and play one step *)
+        let* () =
+          List.iter_ep
+            (fun conflict ->
+              let other = conflict.Sc_rollup.Refutation_storage.other in
+              Pkh_table.replace state.pending_opponents other () ;
+              let game = Pkh_map.find_opt other ongoing_game_map in
+              Player.init_and_play node_ctxt ~self ~conflict ~game ~level)
+            new_conflicts
+        in
+        let*! () =
+          (* Play one step of the refutation game in every remaining player *)
+          Pkh_map.iter_p
+            (fun opponent worker ->
+              match Pkh_map.find opponent ongoing_game_map with
+              | Some game ->
+                  Pkh_table.remove state.pending_opponents opponent ;
+                  Player.play worker game ~level
+              | None ->
+                  (* Kill finished players: those who don't aren't
+                     playing against pending opponents that don't have
+                     ongoing games in the L1 *)
+                  if not @@ Pkh_table.mem state.pending_opponents opponent then
+                    Player.shutdown worker
+                  else Lwt.return_unit)
+            opponent_players
+        in
+        return_unit
+
+  module Types = struct
+    type nonrec state = state
+
+    type parameters = {node_ctxt : Node_context.rw}
+  end
+
+  module Name = struct
+    (* We only have a single coordinator in the node *)
+    type t = unit
+
+    let encoding = Data_encoding.unit
+
+    let base =
+      (* But we can have multiple instances in the unit tests. This is just to
+         avoid conflicts in the events declarations. *)
+      Refutation_game_event.Coordinator.section
+      @ [
+          ("worker"
+          ^ if !instances_count = 1 then "" else string_of_int !instances_count
+          );
+        ]
+
+    let pp _ _ = ()
+
+    let equal () () = true
+  end
+
+  module Worker = Worker.MakeSingle (Name) (Request) (Types)
+
+  type worker = Worker.infinite Worker.queue Worker.t
+
+  module Handlers = struct
+    type self = worker
+
+    let on_request :
+        type r request_error.
+        worker ->
+        (r, request_error) Request.t ->
+        (r, request_error) result Lwt.t =
+     fun w request ->
+      let state = Worker.state w in
+      match request with Request.Process b -> on_process b state
+
+    type launch_error = error trace
+
+    let on_launch _w () Types.{node_ctxt} =
+      return {node_ctxt; pending_opponents = Pkh_table.create 5}
+
+    let on_error (type a b) _w st (r : (a, b) Request.t) (errs : b) :
+        unit tzresult Lwt.t =
+      let open Lwt_result_syntax in
+      let request_view = Request.view r in
+      let emit_and_return_errors errs =
+        let*! () =
+          Refutation_game_event.Coordinator.request_failed request_view st errs
+        in
+        return_unit
+      in
+      match r with Request.Process _ -> emit_and_return_errors errs
+
+    let on_completion _w r _ st =
+      Refutation_game_event.Coordinator.request_completed (Request.view r) st
+
+    let on_no_request _ = Lwt.return_unit
+
+    let on_close _w = Lwt.return_unit
+  end
+
+  let table = Worker.create_table Queue
+
+  let worker_promise, worker_waker = Lwt.task ()
+
+  let init node_ctxt =
+    let open Lwt_result_syntax in
+    let*! () = Refutation_game_event.Coordinator.starting () in
+    let+ worker = Worker.launch table () {node_ctxt} (module Handlers) in
+    Lwt.wakeup worker_waker worker
+
+  (* This is a refutation coordinator for a single scoru *)
+  let worker =
+    lazy
+      (match Lwt.state worker_promise with
+      | Lwt.Return worker -> ok worker
+      | Lwt.Fail _ | Lwt.Sleep ->
+          error Sc_rollup_node_errors.No_refutation_coordinator)
+
+  let process b =
+    let open Lwt_result_syntax in
+    let*? w = Lazy.force worker in
+    let*! (_pushed : bool) = Worker.Queue.push_request w (Request.Process b) in
+    return_unit
+
+  let shutdown () =
+    let open Lwt_syntax in
+    let w = Lazy.force worker in
+    match w with
+    | Error _ ->
+        (* There is no refutation coordinator, nothing to do *)
+        Lwt.return_unit
+    | Ok w ->
+        (* Shut down all current refutation players *)
+        let games = Player.current_games () in
+        let* () =
+          List.iter_s (fun (_opponent, player) -> Player.shutdown player) games
+        in
+        Worker.shutdown w
+end
diff --git a/src/proto_016_PtMumbai/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_coordinator.mli b/src/proto_016_PtMumbai/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_coordinator.mli
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ca17d1eb19abdad17400c56ded52f15a520c29bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/proto_016_PtMumbai/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_coordinator.mli
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+(*****************************************************************************)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(* Open Source License                                                       *)
+(* Copyright (c) 2023 Nomadic Labs, <contact@nomadic-labs.com>               *)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(* Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a   *)
+(* copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),*)
+(* to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation *)
+(* the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,  *)
+(* and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the     *)
+(* Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:      *)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(* The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included   *)
+(* in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.                    *)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(* THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR*)
+(* IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,  *)
+(* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL   *)
+(* THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER*)
+(* LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING   *)
+(* FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER       *)
+(* DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.                                                 *)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(*****************************************************************************)
+
+(** Component for managing refutation games.
+    This module is implemented as a single worker in the rollup node,
+    which takes care of processing new L1 heads, and coordinating
+    the refutation game players. (See {!Refutation_player}).
+*)
+
+module type S = sig
+  module PVM : Pvm.S
+
+  (** Initiatilize the refuation coordinator. *)
+  val init : Node_context.rw -> unit tzresult Lwt.t
+
+  (** Process a new l1 head. This means that the coordinator will:
+      {ol
+        {li Gather all existing conflicts}
+        {li Launch new refutation players for each conflict that doesn't
+            have a player in this node}
+        {li Kill all players whose conflict has disappeared from L1}
+        {li Make all players play a step in the refutation}
+      }
+  *)
+  val process : Layer1.head -> unit tzresult Lwt.t
+
+  (** Shutdown the refutation coordinator. *)
+  val shutdown : unit -> unit Lwt.t
+end
+
+module Make (Interpreter : Interpreter.S) : S
diff --git a/src/proto_016_PtMumbai/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_coordinator_types.ml b/src/proto_016_PtMumbai/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_coordinator_types.ml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..314698ed82ff7cce4951b0d7eadebaf9bf3b7247
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/proto_016_PtMumbai/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_coordinator_types.ml
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+(*****************************************************************************)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(* Open Source License                                                       *)
+(* Copyright (c) 2023 Nomadic Labs, <contact@nomadic-labs.com>               *)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(* Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a   *)
+(* copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),*)
+(* to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation *)
+(* the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,  *)
+(* and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the     *)
+(* Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:      *)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(* The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included   *)
+(* in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.                    *)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(* THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR*)
+(* IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,  *)
+(* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL   *)
+(* THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER*)
+(* LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING   *)
+(* FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER       *)
+(* DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.                                                 *)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(*****************************************************************************)
+
+module Request = struct
+  type ('a, 'b) t = Process : Layer1.head -> (unit, error trace) t
+
+  type view = View : _ t -> view
+
+  let view req = View req
+
+  let encoding =
+    let open Data_encoding in
+    union
+      [
+        case
+          (Tag 0)
+          ~title:"Process"
+          (obj2
+             (req "request" (constant "process"))
+             (req "block" Layer1.head_encoding))
+          (function View (Process b) -> Some ((), b))
+          (fun ((), b) -> View (Process b));
+      ]
+
+  let pp ppf (View r) =
+    match r with
+    | Process {Layer1.hash; level} ->
+        Format.fprintf
+          ppf
+          "Processing new L1 head %a at level %ld"
+          Block_hash.pp
+          hash
+          level
+end
diff --git a/src/proto_016_PtMumbai/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_coordinator_types.mli b/src/proto_016_PtMumbai/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_coordinator_types.mli
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f26d46885c774a05b48c75bcee47dd40a099fd64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/proto_016_PtMumbai/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_coordinator_types.mli
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+(*****************************************************************************)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(* Open Source License                                                       *)
+(* Copyright (c) 2023 Nomadic Labs, <contact@nomadic-labs.com>               *)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(* Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a   *)
+(* copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),*)
+(* to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation *)
+(* the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,  *)
+(* and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the     *)
+(* Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:      *)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(* The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included   *)
+(* in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.                    *)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(* THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR*)
+(* IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,  *)
+(* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL   *)
+(* THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER*)
+(* LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING   *)
+(* FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER       *)
+(* DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.                                                 *)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(*****************************************************************************)
+
+module Request : sig
+  (** Type of requests accepted by the refutation coordinator. *)
+  type ('a, 'b) t =
+    | Process : Layer1.head -> (unit, error trace) t
+        (** Request to process new refutation games. *)
+
+  type view = View : _ t -> view
+
+  include
+    Worker_intf.REQUEST
+      with type ('a, 'request_error) t := ('a, 'request_error) t
+       and type view := view
+end
diff --git a/src/proto_016_PtMumbai/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_game.ml b/src/proto_016_PtMumbai/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_game.ml
index bac47d38003207ecffd44382d99015dc9685d695..2ad4f7ab399d94849699f4d800a14c6ab02f23fa 100644
--- a/src/proto_016_PtMumbai/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_game.ml
+++ b/src/proto_016_PtMumbai/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_game.ml
@@ -49,7 +49,18 @@ open Alpha_context
 module type S = sig
   module PVM : Pvm.S
 
-  val process : Layer1.head -> Node_context.rw -> unit tzresult Lwt.t
+  val play_opening_move :
+    [< `Read | `Write > `Read] Node_context.t ->
+    public_key_hash ->
+    Sc_rollup.Refutation_storage.conflict ->
+    (unit, tztrace) result Lwt.t
+
+  val play :
+    Node_context.rw ->
+    self:public_key_hash ->
+    Sc_rollup.Game.t ->
+    public_key_hash ->
+    (unit, tztrace) result Lwt.t
 end
 
 module Make (Interpreter : Interpreter.S) :
@@ -491,14 +502,15 @@ module Make (Interpreter : Interpreter.S) :
         if is_it_me then return_none else return (Some loser)
     | _ -> return_none
 
-  let play head_block node_ctxt self game staker1 staker2 =
+  let play node_ctxt ~self game opponent =
     let open Lwt_result_syntax in
-    let index = Sc_rollup.Game.Index.make staker1 staker2 in
+    let index = Sc_rollup.Game.Index.make self opponent in
+    let head_block = `Head 0 in
     match turn ~self game index with
     | Our_turn {opponent} -> play_next_move node_ctxt game self opponent
     | Their_turn -> (
         let* timeout_reached =
-          timeout_reached ~self head_block node_ctxt staker1 staker2
+          timeout_reached ~self head_block node_ctxt self opponent
         in
         match timeout_reached with
         | Some opponent ->
@@ -506,14 +518,6 @@ module Make (Interpreter : Interpreter.S) :
             play_timeout node_ctxt self index
         | None -> return_unit)
 
-  let ongoing_games head_block node_ctxt self =
-    let Node_context.{rollup_address; cctxt; _} = node_ctxt in
-    Plugin.RPC.Sc_rollup.ongoing_refutation_games
-      cctxt
-      (cctxt#chain, head_block)
-      rollup_address
-      self
-
   let play_opening_move node_ctxt self conflict =
     let open Lwt_syntax in
     let open Sc_rollup.Refutation_storage in
@@ -526,43 +530,4 @@ module Make (Interpreter : Interpreter.S) :
     in
     let refutation = Start {player_commitment_hash; opponent_commitment_hash} in
     inject_next_move node_ctxt self ~refutation ~opponent:conflict.other
-
-  let start_game_if_conflict head_block node_ctxt self =
-    let open Lwt_result_syntax in
-    let Node_context.{rollup_address; cctxt; _} = node_ctxt in
-    let* conflicts =
-      Plugin.RPC.Sc_rollup.conflicts
-        cctxt
-        (cctxt#chain, head_block)
-        rollup_address
-        self
-    in
-    let*! res = List.iter_es (play_opening_move node_ctxt self) conflicts in
-    match res with
-    | Ok r -> return r
-    | Error
-        [
-          Environment.Ecoproto_error
-            Sc_rollup_errors.Sc_rollup_game_already_started;
-        ] ->
-        (* The game may already be starting in the meantime. So we
-           ignore this error. *)
-        return_unit
-    | Error errs -> Lwt.return (Error errs)
-
-  let process Layer1.{hash; _} node_ctxt =
-    let head_block = `Hash (hash, 0) in
-    let open Lwt_result_syntax in
-    let refute_signer = Node_context.get_operator node_ctxt Refute in
-    match refute_signer with
-    | None ->
-        (* Not injecting refutations, don't play refutation games *)
-        return_unit
-    | Some self ->
-        let* () = start_game_if_conflict head_block node_ctxt self in
-        let* res = ongoing_games head_block node_ctxt self in
-        List.iter_es
-          (fun (game, staker1, staker2) ->
-            play head_block node_ctxt self game staker1 staker2)
-          res
 end
diff --git a/src/proto_016_PtMumbai/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_game.mli b/src/proto_016_PtMumbai/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_game.mli
index 12f7125221b84c86d8ddbd6890e50c034999b5c3..89399c86ae0a075273d818cb587bf9d4b9067621 100644
--- a/src/proto_016_PtMumbai/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_game.mli
+++ b/src/proto_016_PtMumbai/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_game.mli
@@ -23,14 +23,30 @@
 (*                                                                           *)
 (*****************************************************************************)
 
+open Protocol
+open Alpha_context
+
 (** This module implements the refutation game logic of the rollup
     node. *)
 module type S = sig
   module PVM : Pvm.S
 
-  (** [process head node_ctxt] reacts to any operations of [head] related to
-      refutation games. *)
-  val process : Layer1.head -> Node_context.rw -> unit tzresult Lwt.t
+  (** [play_opening_move node_ctxt self conflict] injects the opening
+      refutation game move for [conflict]. *)
+  val play_opening_move :
+    [< `Read | `Write > `Read] Node_context.t ->
+    public_key_hash ->
+    Sc_rollup.Refutation_storage.conflict ->
+    (unit, tztrace) result Lwt.t
+
+  (** [play head_block node_ctxt ~self game opponent] injects the next
+      move in the refutation [game] played by [self] and [opponent]. *)
+  val play :
+    Node_context.rw ->
+    self:public_key_hash ->
+    Sc_rollup.Game.t ->
+    public_key_hash ->
+    (unit, tztrace) result Lwt.t
 end
 
 module Make (Interpreter : Interpreter.S) : S with module PVM = Interpreter.PVM
diff --git a/src/proto_016_PtMumbai/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_game_event.ml b/src/proto_016_PtMumbai/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_game_event.ml
index f894e7e199ddad909e5859293002147c26775123..b03f3a0810709e068890a4fba2273b42dc4232a3 100644
--- a/src/proto_016_PtMumbai/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_game_event.ml
+++ b/src/proto_016_PtMumbai/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_game_event.ml
@@ -28,11 +28,11 @@ open Protocol.Alpha_context
 (* TODO: https://gitlab.com/tezos/tezos/-/issues/2880
    Add corresponding .mli file. *)
 
+let section = [Protocol.name; "sc_rollup_node"; "refutation_game"]
+
 module Simple = struct
   include Internal_event.Simple
 
-  let section = [Protocol.name; "sc_rollup_node"; "refutation_game"]
-
   let timeout =
     declare_1
       ~section
@@ -115,6 +115,86 @@ module Simple = struct
       ("start_tick", Sc_rollup.Tick.encoding)
       ("end_tick", Sc_rollup.Tick.encoding)
       ("dissection", Data_encoding.list dissection_chunk_encoding)
+
+  module Worker (ARG : sig
+    val section : string list
+  end)
+  (Request : Worker_intf.REQUEST) =
+  struct
+    include ARG
+
+    let request_failed =
+      declare_3
+        ~section
+        ~name:"request_failed"
+        ~msg:"request {view} failed ({worker_status}): {errors}"
+        ~level:Debug
+        ("view", Request.encoding)
+        ~pp1:Request.pp
+        ("worker_status", Worker_types.request_status_encoding)
+        ~pp2:Worker_types.pp_status
+        ("errors", Error_monad.trace_encoding)
+        ~pp3:Error_monad.pp_print_trace
+
+    let request_completed =
+      declare_2
+        ~section
+        ~name:"request_completed"
+        ~msg:"{view} {worker_status}"
+        ~level:Debug
+        ("view", Request.encoding)
+        ("worker_status", Worker_types.request_status_encoding)
+        ~pp1:Request.pp
+        ~pp2:Worker_types.pp_status
+  end
+
+  module Player = struct
+    include
+      Worker
+        (struct
+          let section = section @ ["player"]
+        end)
+        (Refutation_player_types.Request)
+
+    let started =
+      declare_2
+        ~section
+        ~name:"player_started"
+        ~msg:
+          "refutation player started to play against {opponent}, defenfing \
+           commitment {commitment}"
+        ~level:Notice
+        ("opponent", Signature.Public_key_hash.encoding)
+        ~pp1:Signature.Public_key_hash.pp
+        ("commitment", Sc_rollup.Commitment.encoding)
+        ~pp2:Sc_rollup.Commitment.pp
+
+    let stopped =
+      declare_1
+        ~section
+        ~name:"player_stopped"
+        ~msg:"refutation player for opponent {opponent} has been stopped"
+        ~level:Notice
+        ("opponent", Signature.Public_key_hash.encoding)
+        ~pp1:Signature.Public_key_hash.pp
+  end
+
+  module Coordinator = struct
+    include
+      Worker
+        (struct
+          let section = section @ ["coordinator"]
+        end)
+        (Refutation_coordinator_types.Request)
+
+    let starting =
+      declare_0
+        ~section
+        ~name:"coordinator_starting"
+        ~msg:"Starting refutation coordinator for the smart rollup node"
+        ~level:Notice
+        ()
+  end
 end
 
 let timeout address = Simple.(emit timeout address)
@@ -151,3 +231,30 @@ let timeout_detected other = Simple.(emit timeout_detected other)
 
 let computed_dissection ~opponent ~start_tick ~end_tick dissection =
   Simple.(emit computed_dissection (opponent, start_tick, end_tick, dissection))
+
+module Player = struct
+  let section = Simple.Player.section
+
+  let request_failed view worker_status errors =
+    Simple.(emit Player.request_failed (view, worker_status, errors))
+
+  let request_completed view worker_status =
+    Simple.(emit Player.request_completed (view, worker_status))
+
+  let started opponent commitment =
+    Simple.(emit Player.started (opponent, commitment))
+
+  let stopped opponent = Simple.(emit Player.stopped opponent)
+end
+
+module Coordinator = struct
+  let section = Simple.Coordinator.section
+
+  let request_failed view worker_status errors =
+    Simple.(emit Coordinator.request_failed (view, worker_status, errors))
+
+  let request_completed view worker_status =
+    Simple.(emit Coordinator.request_completed (view, worker_status))
+
+  let starting = Simple.(emit Coordinator.starting)
+end
diff --git a/src/proto_016_PtMumbai/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_player.ml b/src/proto_016_PtMumbai/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_player.ml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0d129f6f7bdc3c41fe4f567a6e9634b175895bc1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/proto_016_PtMumbai/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_player.ml
@@ -0,0 +1,206 @@
+(*****************************************************************************)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(* Open Source License                                                       *)
+(* Copyright (c) 2023 Nomadic Labs, <contact@nomadic-labs.com>               *)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(* Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a   *)
+(* copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),*)
+(* to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation *)
+(* the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,  *)
+(* and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the     *)
+(* Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:      *)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(* The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included   *)
+(* in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.                    *)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(* THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR*)
+(* IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,  *)
+(* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL   *)
+(* THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER*)
+(* LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING   *)
+(* FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER       *)
+(* DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.                                                 *)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(*****************************************************************************)
+
+open Protocol
+open Alpha_context
+open Refutation_player_types
+
+module Types = struct
+  type state = {
+    node_ctxt : Node_context.rw;
+    self : public_key_hash;
+    opponent : public_key_hash;
+    mutable last_move_cache : (Sc_rollup.Game.game_state * int32) option;
+  }
+
+  type parameters = {
+    node_ctxt : Node_context.rw;
+    self : public_key_hash;
+    conflict : Sc_rollup.Refutation_storage.conflict;
+  }
+end
+
+module Name = struct
+  let base = Refutation_game_event.Player.section @ ["worker"]
+
+  include Signature.Public_key_hash
+end
+
+module Worker = Worker.MakeSingle (Name) (Request) (Types)
+
+type worker = Worker.infinite Worker.queue Worker.t
+
+let table = Worker.create_table Queue
+
+module type S = sig
+  val init_and_play :
+    Node_context.rw ->
+    self:public_key_hash ->
+    conflict:Sc_rollup.Refutation_storage.conflict ->
+    game:Sc_rollup.Game.t option ->
+    level:int32 ->
+    unit tzresult Lwt.t
+
+  val play : worker -> Sc_rollup.Game.t -> level:int32 -> unit Lwt.t
+
+  val shutdown : worker -> unit Lwt.t
+
+  val current_games : unit -> (public_key_hash * worker) list
+end
+
+module Make (Interpreter : Interpreter.S) : S = struct
+  open Refutation_game.Make (Interpreter)
+
+  let on_play game Types.{node_ctxt; self; opponent; _} =
+    play node_ctxt ~self game opponent
+
+  let on_play_opening conflict (Types.{node_ctxt; self; _} : Types.state) =
+    play_opening_move node_ctxt self conflict
+
+  module Handlers = struct
+    type self = worker
+
+    let on_request :
+        type r request_error.
+        worker ->
+        (r, request_error) Request.t ->
+        (r, request_error) result Lwt.t =
+     fun w request ->
+      let state = Worker.state w in
+      match request with
+      | Request.Play game -> on_play game state
+      | Request.Play_opening conflict -> on_play_opening conflict state
+
+    type launch_error = error trace
+
+    let on_launch _w _name Types.{node_ctxt; self; conflict} =
+      return
+        Types.
+          {node_ctxt; self; opponent = conflict.other; last_move_cache = None}
+
+    let on_error (type a b) _w st (r : (a, b) Request.t) (errs : b) :
+        unit tzresult Lwt.t =
+      let open Lwt_result_syntax in
+      let request_view = Request.view r in
+      let emit_and_return_errors errs =
+        let*! () =
+          Refutation_game_event.Player.request_failed request_view st errs
+        in
+        return_unit
+      in
+      match r with
+      | Request.Play _ -> emit_and_return_errors errs
+      | Request.Play_opening _ -> emit_and_return_errors errs
+
+    let on_completion _w r _ st =
+      Refutation_game_event.Player.request_completed (Request.view r) st
+
+    let on_no_request _ = Lwt.return_unit
+
+    let on_close w =
+      let open Lwt_syntax in
+      let state = Worker.state w in
+      let* () = Refutation_game_event.Player.stopped state.opponent in
+      return_unit
+  end
+
+  let init node_ctxt ~self ~conflict =
+    let open Lwt_result_syntax in
+    let*! () =
+      Refutation_game_event.Player.started
+        conflict.Sc_rollup.Refutation_storage.other
+        conflict.Sc_rollup.Refutation_storage.our_commitment
+    in
+    let worker_promise, worker_waker = Lwt.task () in
+    let* worker =
+      trace Sc_rollup_node_errors.Refutation_player_failed_to_start
+      @@ Worker.launch
+           table
+           conflict.other
+           {node_ctxt; self; conflict}
+           (module Handlers)
+    in
+    let () = Lwt.wakeup worker_waker worker in
+    let worker =
+      match Lwt.state worker_promise with
+      | Lwt.Return worker -> ok worker
+      | Lwt.Fail _ | Lwt.Sleep ->
+          error Sc_rollup_node_errors.Refutation_player_failed_to_start
+    in
+    Lwt.return worker
+
+  (* Number of levels the player waits until trying to play
+     for a game state it already played for. *)
+  let buffer_levels = 5l
+
+  (* Play if:
+      - There's a new game state to play against or
+      - The current level is past the buffer for re-playing in the
+        same game state.
+  *)
+  let should_move ~level game last_move_cache =
+    match last_move_cache with
+    | None -> true
+    | Some (last_move_game_state, last_move_level) ->
+        (not
+           (Sc_rollup.Game.game_state_equal
+              game.Sc_rollup.Game.game_state
+              last_move_game_state))
+        || Int32.(sub level last_move_level > buffer_levels)
+
+  let play w game ~(level : int32) =
+    let open Lwt_syntax in
+    let state = Worker.state w in
+    if should_move ~level game state.last_move_cache then (
+      let* pushed = Worker.Queue.push_request w (Request.Play game) in
+      if pushed then
+        state.last_move_cache <- Some (game.Sc_rollup.Game.game_state, level) ;
+      return_unit)
+    else return_unit
+
+  let play_opening w conflict =
+    let open Lwt_syntax in
+    let* (_pushed : bool) =
+      Worker.Queue.push_request w (Request.Play_opening conflict)
+    in
+    return_unit
+
+  let init_and_play node_ctxt ~self ~conflict ~game ~level =
+    let open Lwt_result_syntax in
+    let* worker = init node_ctxt ~self ~conflict in
+    let*! () =
+      match game with
+      | None -> play_opening worker conflict
+      | Some game -> play worker game ~level
+    in
+    return_unit
+
+  let current_games () =
+    List.map
+      (fun (_name, worker) -> ((Worker.state worker).opponent, worker))
+      (Worker.list table)
+
+  let shutdown = Worker.shutdown
+end
diff --git a/src/proto_016_PtMumbai/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_player.mli b/src/proto_016_PtMumbai/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_player.mli
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1c6bbed96676ac916004fa3db2020989ae190047
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/proto_016_PtMumbai/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_player.mli
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+(*****************************************************************************)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(* Open Source License                                                       *)
+(* Copyright (c) 2023 Nomadic Labs, <contact@nomadic-labs.com>               *)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(* Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a   *)
+(* copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),*)
+(* to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation *)
+(* the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,  *)
+(* and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the     *)
+(* Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:      *)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(* The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included   *)
+(* in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.                    *)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(* THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR*)
+(* IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,  *)
+(* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL   *)
+(* THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER*)
+(* LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING   *)
+(* FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER       *)
+(* DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.                                                 *)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(*****************************************************************************)
+
+open Protocol
+open Alpha_context
+
+(** Worker module for a signle refutation game player.
+    The node's refutation coordinator will spawn a new refutation player
+    for each refutation game.
+*)
+module Worker : Worker.T
+
+(** Type for a refutation game player.  *)
+type worker = Worker.infinite Worker.queue Worker.t
+
+module type S = sig
+  (** [init_and_play node_ctxt ~self ~conflict ~game ~level]
+      initializes  a new refutation game player for signer [self].
+      After initizialization, the worker will play the next move
+      depending on the [game] state.
+      If no [game] is passed, the worker will play the opening
+      move for [conflict].
+  *)
+  val init_and_play :
+    Node_context.rw ->
+    self:public_key_hash ->
+    conflict:Sc_rollup.Refutation_storage.conflict ->
+    game:Sc_rollup.Game.t option ->
+    level:int32 ->
+    unit tzresult Lwt.t
+
+  (** [play worker game ~level] makes the [worker] play the next move depending
+      on the [game] state for their conflict.
+  *)
+  val play : worker -> Sc_rollup.Game.t -> level:int32 -> unit Lwt.t
+
+  (** Shutdown a refutaiton game player. *)
+  val shutdown : worker -> unit Lwt.t
+
+  (** [current_games ()] lists the opponents' this node is playing
+      refutation games against, alongside the worker that takes care
+      of each game. *)
+  val current_games : unit -> (public_key_hash * worker) list
+end
+
+module Make (Interpreter : Interpreter.S) : S
diff --git a/src/proto_016_PtMumbai/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_player_types.ml b/src/proto_016_PtMumbai/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_player_types.ml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5cb43af305096ca46dc4584d791b021229c4d0d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/proto_016_PtMumbai/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_player_types.ml
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+(*****************************************************************************)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(* Open Source License                                                       *)
+(* Copyright (c) 2023 Nomadic Labs, <contact@nomadic-labs.com>               *)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(* Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a   *)
+(* copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),*)
+(* to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation *)
+(* the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,  *)
+(* and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the     *)
+(* Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:      *)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(* The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included   *)
+(* in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.                    *)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(* THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR*)
+(* IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,  *)
+(* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL   *)
+(* THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER*)
+(* LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING   *)
+(* FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER       *)
+(* DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.                                                 *)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(*****************************************************************************)
+open Protocol
+open Alpha_context
+
+module Request = struct
+  type ('a, 'b) t =
+    | Play : Sc_rollup.Game.t -> (unit, error trace) t
+    | Play_opening :
+        Sc_rollup.Refutation_storage.conflict
+        -> (unit, error trace) t
+
+  type view = View : _ t -> view
+
+  let view req = View req
+
+  let encoding =
+    let open Data_encoding in
+    union
+      [
+        case
+          (Tag 0)
+          ~title:"Play"
+          (obj2
+             (req "request" (constant "play"))
+             (req "game" Sc_rollup.Game.encoding))
+          (function View (Play g) -> Some ((), g) | _ -> None)
+          (fun ((), g) -> View (Play g));
+        case
+          (Tag 1)
+          ~title:"Play opening"
+          (obj2
+             (req "request" (constant "play_opening"))
+             (req "conflict" Sc_rollup.Refutation_storage.conflict_encoding))
+          (function View (Play_opening c) -> Some ((), c) | _ -> None)
+          (fun ((), c) -> View (Play_opening c));
+      ]
+
+  let pp ppf (View r) =
+    match r with
+    | Play game -> Format.fprintf ppf "Playing game %a" Sc_rollup.Game.pp game
+    | Play_opening conflict ->
+        Format.fprintf
+          ppf
+          "Playing opening move for conflict against staker %a at our \
+           commitment %a"
+          Sc_rollup.Staker.pp
+          conflict.other
+          Sc_rollup.Commitment.pp
+          conflict.our_commitment
+end
diff --git a/src/proto_016_PtMumbai/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_player_types.mli b/src/proto_016_PtMumbai/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_player_types.mli
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d29fd8289f450cde25d7a3e5b4fa6bc7ca278e8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/proto_016_PtMumbai/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_player_types.mli
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+(*****************************************************************************)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(* Open Source License                                                       *)
+(* Copyright (c) 2023 Nomadic Labs, <contact@nomadic-labs.com>               *)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(* Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a   *)
+(* copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),*)
+(* to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation *)
+(* the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,  *)
+(* and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the     *)
+(* Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:      *)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(* The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included   *)
+(* in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.                    *)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(* THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR*)
+(* IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,  *)
+(* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL   *)
+(* THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER*)
+(* LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING   *)
+(* FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER       *)
+(* DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.                                                 *)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(*****************************************************************************)
+
+open Protocol
+open Alpha_context
+
+module Request : sig
+  (** Type of requests accepted by the refutation player. *)
+  type ('a, 'b) t =
+    | Play : Sc_rollup.Game.t -> (unit, error trace) t
+        (** Play a step of an ongoing refutation game. *)
+    | Play_opening :
+        Sc_rollup.Refutation_storage.conflict
+        -> (unit, error trace) t
+        (** Play the opening move of a refutation game. *)
+
+  type view = View : _ t -> view
+
+  include
+    Worker_intf.REQUEST
+      with type ('a, 'request_error) t := ('a, 'request_error) t
+       and type view := view
+end
diff --git a/src/proto_016_PtMumbai/lib_sc_rollup_node/sc_rollup_node_errors.ml b/src/proto_016_PtMumbai/lib_sc_rollup_node/sc_rollup_node_errors.ml
index 48d36a8391eb0e32a1a39dd79eb09ba897ef7bd7..c0b3197a1bbede41f7a8025b0f0d387f70bba2c2 100644
--- a/src/proto_016_PtMumbai/lib_sc_rollup_node/sc_rollup_node_errors.ml
+++ b/src/proto_016_PtMumbai/lib_sc_rollup_node/sc_rollup_node_errors.ml
@@ -55,6 +55,8 @@ type error +=
   | Cannot_checkout_context of Block_hash.t * Sc_rollup_context_hash.t option
   | No_batcher
   | No_publisher
+  | Refutation_player_failed_to_start
+  | No_refutation_coordinator
 
 type error += Lost_game of Protocol.Alpha_context.Sc_rollup.Game.game_result
 
@@ -321,4 +323,26 @@ let () =
     `Permanent
     Data_encoding.unit
     (function No_publisher -> Some () | _ -> None)
-    (fun () -> No_publisher)
+    (fun () -> No_publisher) ;
+
+  register_error_kind
+    ~id:"sc_rollup.node.no_refutation_coordinator"
+    ~title:"No refutation coordinator for this node"
+    ~description:"This node does not have a refutation game coordinator"
+    ~pp:(fun ppf () ->
+      Format.fprintf ppf "This node does not have a refutation game coordinator")
+    `Permanent
+    Data_encoding.unit
+    (function No_refutation_coordinator -> Some () | _ -> None)
+    (fun () -> No_refutation_coordinator) ;
+
+  register_error_kind
+    ~id:"sc_rollup.node.no_refutation_player"
+    ~title:"A refutation player failed to start"
+    ~description:"A refutation player failed to start"
+    ~pp:(fun ppf () ->
+      Format.fprintf ppf "A refutation player failed to start.")
+    `Permanent
+    Data_encoding.unit
+    (function Refutation_player_failed_to_start -> Some () | _ -> None)
+    (fun () -> Refutation_player_failed_to_start)
diff --git a/src/proto_alpha/lib_sc_rollup_node/commitment_event.ml b/src/proto_alpha/lib_sc_rollup_node/commitment_event.ml
index e5d62ef4337c738934ab3f3975eb9d582a244452..92c014f0ab7c27c4598f452eb8ce8bb50e5d4347 100644
--- a/src/proto_alpha/lib_sc_rollup_node/commitment_event.ml
+++ b/src/proto_alpha/lib_sc_rollup_node/commitment_event.ml
@@ -71,7 +71,18 @@ module Simple = struct
       ~msg:
         "Last cemented commitment was updated to hash {hash} at inbox level \
          {level}"
-      ~level:Notice
+      ~level:Debug
+      ("hash", Sc_rollup.Commitment.Hash.encoding)
+      ("level", Raw_level.encoding)
+
+  let last_published_commitment_updated =
+    declare_2
+      ~section
+      ~name:"sc_rollup_node_lpc_updated"
+      ~msg:
+        "Last published commitment was updated to hash {hash} at inbox level \
+         {level}"
+      ~level:Debug
       ("hash", Sc_rollup.Commitment.Hash.encoding)
       ("level", Raw_level.encoding)
 
@@ -182,6 +193,9 @@ let commitment_stored = emit_commitment_event Simple.commitment_stored
 let last_cemented_commitment_updated head level =
   Simple.(emit last_cemented_commitment_updated (head, level))
 
+let last_published_commitment_updated head level =
+  Simple.(emit last_published_commitment_updated (head, level))
+
 let compute_commitment level = Simple.(emit compute_commitment level)
 
 let publish_commitment head level =
diff --git a/src/proto_alpha/lib_sc_rollup_node/commitment_event.mli b/src/proto_alpha/lib_sc_rollup_node/commitment_event.mli
index 6f583d61cc72d497a7671cda2dccb1f0055215d6..89b337266710ca554b6cadb31a84abb9b1798503 100644
--- a/src/proto_alpha/lib_sc_rollup_node/commitment_event.mli
+++ b/src/proto_alpha/lib_sc_rollup_node/commitment_event.mli
@@ -53,6 +53,12 @@ val commitment_will_not_be_published :
 val last_cemented_commitment_updated :
   Sc_rollup.Commitment.Hash.t -> Raw_level.t -> unit Lwt.t
 
+(** [last_published_commitment_updated hash level] emits the event that the last
+    published commitment was updated to the given [hash] at the given inbox
+    [level]. *)
+val last_published_commitment_updated :
+  Sc_rollup.Commitment.Hash.t -> Raw_level.t -> unit Lwt.t
+
 (** [commitment_parent_is_not_lcc predecessor_hash last_cemented_commitment_hash]
     emits the event that a commitment at the given inbox [level] is being
     published, whose parent is the last cemented commitment, but the
diff --git a/src/proto_alpha/lib_sc_rollup_node/components.ml b/src/proto_alpha/lib_sc_rollup_node/components.ml
index 70f7e12c8ed8440aab476f29429a146de9c5b708..1d5b8c0984fa5b2e47436c05a3438776b4adbf15 100644
--- a/src/proto_alpha/lib_sc_rollup_node/components.ml
+++ b/src/proto_alpha/lib_sc_rollup_node/components.ml
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ module Make (PVM : Pvm.S) = struct
   module Interpreter = Interpreter.Make (PVM)
   module Commitment = Commitment.Make (PVM)
   module Simulation = Simulation.Make (Interpreter)
-  module Refutation_game = Refutation_game.Make (Interpreter)
+  module Refutation_coordinator = Refutation_coordinator.Make (Interpreter)
   module Batcher = Batcher.Make (Simulation)
   module RPC_server = RPC_server.Make (Simulation) (Batcher)
 end
diff --git a/src/proto_alpha/lib_sc_rollup_node/configuration.ml b/src/proto_alpha/lib_sc_rollup_node/configuration.ml
index 5ccab66b2e2c7515c499925cf5c580f0ee94e9ad..9b319701b69490527fffa8d6318d916ed8862d3e 100644
--- a/src/proto_alpha/lib_sc_rollup_node/configuration.ml
+++ b/src/proto_alpha/lib_sc_rollup_node/configuration.ml
@@ -619,6 +619,8 @@ let check_mode config =
   | Operator -> narrow_purposes [Publish; Cement; Add_messages; Refute]
   | Custom -> return config
 
+let refutation_player_buffer_levels = 5
+
 let loser_warning_message config =
   if config.loser_mode <> Loser_mode.no_failures then
     Format.printf
diff --git a/src/proto_alpha/lib_sc_rollup_node/configuration.mli b/src/proto_alpha/lib_sc_rollup_node/configuration.mli
index bcd7946d3973314fc6a3335d74b18d61529c600b..68afde1092a81e9bcf88b0fedec7f102d865fe4a 100644
--- a/src/proto_alpha/lib_sc_rollup_node/configuration.mli
+++ b/src/proto_alpha/lib_sc_rollup_node/configuration.mli
@@ -167,6 +167,10 @@ val config_filename : data_dir:string -> string
     removes the extra ones. *)
 val check_mode : t -> t tzresult
 
+(** Number of levels the refutation player waits until trying to play
+    for a game state it already played before. *)
+val refutation_player_buffer_levels : int
+
 (** [save configuration] overwrites [configuration] file from [data_dir]. *)
 val save : data_dir:string -> t -> unit tzresult Lwt.t
 
diff --git a/src/proto_alpha/lib_sc_rollup_node/daemon.ml b/src/proto_alpha/lib_sc_rollup_node/daemon.ml
index b824df25ac95174917bfcc5d402835e1cda34fa1..7c688c934cb59a4ca0167b2f9f81329f6b8209bc 100644
--- a/src/proto_alpha/lib_sc_rollup_node/daemon.ml
+++ b/src/proto_alpha/lib_sc_rollup_node/daemon.ml
@@ -111,6 +111,11 @@ module Make (PVM : Pvm.S) = struct
                 Some (Raw_level.of_int32_exn head.Layer1.level);
             }
         in
+        let*! () =
+          Commitment_event.last_published_commitment_updated
+            commitment_hash
+            (Raw_level.of_int32_exn head.Layer1.level)
+        in
         return_unit
     | ( Sc_rollup_publish {commitment = their_commitment; rollup},
         Sc_rollup_publish_result
@@ -446,7 +451,7 @@ module Make (PVM : Pvm.S) = struct
     let* () = Components.Commitment.Publisher.publish_commitments () in
     let* () = Components.Commitment.Publisher.cement_commitments () in
     let*! () = Daemon_event.new_heads_processed reorg.new_chain in
-    let* () = Components.Refutation_game.process head node_ctxt in
+    let* () = Components.Refutation_coordinator.process head in
     let* () = Components.Batcher.batch () in
     let* () = Components.Batcher.new_head head in
     let*! () = Injector.inject ~header () in
@@ -467,6 +472,8 @@ module Make (PVM : Pvm.S) = struct
     let* () = Components.Batcher.shutdown () in
     let* () = message "Shutting down Commitment Publisher@." in
     let* () = Components.Commitment.Publisher.shutdown () in
+    let* () = message "Shutting down Refutation Coordinator@." in
+    let* () = Components.Refutation_coordinator.shutdown () in
     let* (_ : unit tzresult) = Node_context.close node_ctxt in
     let* () = Event.shutdown_node exit_status in
     Tezos_base_unix.Internal_event_unix.close ()
@@ -520,6 +527,7 @@ module Make (PVM : Pvm.S) = struct
                (operator, strategy, purposes))
       in
       let* () = Components.Commitment.Publisher.init node_ctxt in
+      let* () = Components.Refutation_coordinator.init node_ctxt in
       let* () =
         Injector.init
           node_ctxt.cctxt
diff --git a/src/proto_alpha/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_coordinator.ml b/src/proto_alpha/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_coordinator.ml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..183553ddda91361e28eeb2d1cfc7634f8d31de09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/proto_alpha/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_coordinator.ml
@@ -0,0 +1,248 @@
+(*****************************************************************************)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(* Open Source License                                                       *)
+(* Copyright (c) 2023 Nomadic Labs, <contact@nomadic-labs.com>               *)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(* Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a   *)
+(* copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),*)
+(* to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation *)
+(* the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,  *)
+(* and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the     *)
+(* Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:      *)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(* The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included   *)
+(* in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.                    *)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(* THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR*)
+(* IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,  *)
+(* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL   *)
+(* THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER*)
+(* LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING   *)
+(* FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER       *)
+(* DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.                                                 *)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(*****************************************************************************)
+
+open Protocol
+open Alpha_context
+open Refutation_coordinator_types
+
+module type S = sig
+  module PVM : Pvm.S
+
+  val init : Node_context.rw -> unit tzresult Lwt.t
+
+  val process : Layer1.head -> unit tzresult Lwt.t
+
+  val shutdown : unit -> unit Lwt.t
+end
+
+(* Count instances of the coordinator functor to allow for multiple
+   worker events without conflicts. *)
+let instances_count = ref 0
+
+module Make (Interpreter : Interpreter.S) = struct
+  include Refutation_game.Make (Interpreter)
+  module Player = Refutation_player.Make (Interpreter)
+  module Pkh_map = Signature.Public_key_hash.Map
+  module Pkh_table = Signature.Public_key_hash.Table
+
+  let () = incr instances_count
+
+  type state = {
+    node_ctxt : Node_context.rw;
+    pending_opponents : unit Pkh_table.t;
+  }
+
+  let get_conflicts cctxt head_block =
+    Plugin.RPC.Sc_rollup.conflicts cctxt (cctxt#chain, head_block)
+
+  let get_ongoing_games cctxt head_block =
+    Plugin.RPC.Sc_rollup.ongoing_refutation_games cctxt (cctxt#chain, head_block)
+
+  let untracked_conflicts opponent_players conflicts =
+    List.filter
+      (fun conflict ->
+        not
+        @@ Pkh_map.mem
+             conflict.Sc_rollup.Refutation_storage.other
+             opponent_players)
+      conflicts
+
+  (* Transform the list of ongoing games [(Game.t * pkh * pkh) list]
+     into a mapping from opponents' pkhs to their corresponding game
+     state.
+  *)
+  let make_game_map self ongoing_games =
+    List.fold_left
+      (fun acc (game, alice, bob) ->
+        let opponent_pkh =
+          if Signature.Public_key_hash.equal self alice then bob else alice
+        in
+        Pkh_map.add opponent_pkh game acc)
+      Pkh_map.empty
+      ongoing_games
+
+  let on_process Layer1.{hash; level} state =
+    let node_ctxt = state.node_ctxt in
+    let head_block = `Hash (hash, 0) in
+    let open Lwt_result_syntax in
+    let refute_signer = Node_context.get_operator node_ctxt Refute in
+    match refute_signer with
+    | None ->
+        (* Not injecting refutations, don't play refutation games *)
+        return_unit
+    | Some self ->
+        let Node_context.{rollup_address; cctxt; _} = node_ctxt in
+        (* Current conflicts in L1 *)
+        let* conflicts = get_conflicts cctxt head_block rollup_address self in
+        (* Map of opponents the node is playing against to the corresponding
+           player worker *)
+        let opponent_players =
+          Pkh_map.of_seq @@ List.to_seq @@ Player.current_games ()
+        in
+        (* Conflicts for which we need to start new refutation players.
+           Some of these might be ongoing. *)
+        let new_conflicts = untracked_conflicts opponent_players conflicts in
+        (* L1 ongoing games *)
+        let* ongoing_games =
+          get_ongoing_games cctxt head_block rollup_address self
+        in
+        (* Map between opponents and their corresponding games *)
+        let ongoing_game_map = make_game_map self ongoing_games in
+        (* Launch new players for new conflicts, and play one step *)
+        let* () =
+          List.iter_ep
+            (fun conflict ->
+              let other = conflict.Sc_rollup.Refutation_storage.other in
+              Pkh_table.replace state.pending_opponents other () ;
+              let game = Pkh_map.find_opt other ongoing_game_map in
+              Player.init_and_play node_ctxt ~self ~conflict ~game ~level)
+            new_conflicts
+        in
+        let*! () =
+          (* Play one step of the refutation game in every remaining player *)
+          Pkh_map.iter_p
+            (fun opponent worker ->
+              match Pkh_map.find opponent ongoing_game_map with
+              | Some game ->
+                  Pkh_table.remove state.pending_opponents opponent ;
+                  Player.play worker game ~level
+              | None ->
+                  (* Kill finished players: those who don't aren't
+                     playing against pending opponents that don't have
+                     ongoing games in the L1 *)
+                  if not @@ Pkh_table.mem state.pending_opponents opponent then
+                    Player.shutdown worker
+                  else Lwt.return_unit)
+            opponent_players
+        in
+        return_unit
+
+  module Types = struct
+    type nonrec state = state
+
+    type parameters = {node_ctxt : Node_context.rw}
+  end
+
+  module Name = struct
+    (* We only have a single coordinator in the node *)
+    type t = unit
+
+    let encoding = Data_encoding.unit
+
+    let base =
+      (* But we can have multiple instances in the unit tests. This is just to
+         avoid conflicts in the events declarations. *)
+      Refutation_game_event.Coordinator.section
+      @ [
+          ("worker"
+          ^ if !instances_count = 1 then "" else string_of_int !instances_count
+          );
+        ]
+
+    let pp _ _ = ()
+
+    let equal () () = true
+  end
+
+  module Worker = Worker.MakeSingle (Name) (Request) (Types)
+
+  type worker = Worker.infinite Worker.queue Worker.t
+
+  module Handlers = struct
+    type self = worker
+
+    let on_request :
+        type r request_error.
+        worker ->
+        (r, request_error) Request.t ->
+        (r, request_error) result Lwt.t =
+     fun w request ->
+      let state = Worker.state w in
+      match request with Request.Process b -> on_process b state
+
+    type launch_error = error trace
+
+    let on_launch _w () Types.{node_ctxt} =
+      return {node_ctxt; pending_opponents = Pkh_table.create 5}
+
+    let on_error (type a b) _w st (r : (a, b) Request.t) (errs : b) :
+        unit tzresult Lwt.t =
+      let open Lwt_result_syntax in
+      let request_view = Request.view r in
+      let emit_and_return_errors errs =
+        let*! () =
+          Refutation_game_event.Coordinator.request_failed request_view st errs
+        in
+        return_unit
+      in
+      match r with Request.Process _ -> emit_and_return_errors errs
+
+    let on_completion _w r _ st =
+      Refutation_game_event.Coordinator.request_completed (Request.view r) st
+
+    let on_no_request _ = Lwt.return_unit
+
+    let on_close _w = Lwt.return_unit
+  end
+
+  let table = Worker.create_table Queue
+
+  let worker_promise, worker_waker = Lwt.task ()
+
+  let init node_ctxt =
+    let open Lwt_result_syntax in
+    let*! () = Refutation_game_event.Coordinator.starting () in
+    let+ worker = Worker.launch table () {node_ctxt} (module Handlers) in
+    Lwt.wakeup worker_waker worker
+
+  (* This is a refutation coordinator for a single scoru *)
+  let worker =
+    lazy
+      (match Lwt.state worker_promise with
+      | Lwt.Return worker -> ok worker
+      | Lwt.Fail _ | Lwt.Sleep ->
+          error Sc_rollup_node_errors.No_refutation_coordinator)
+
+  let process b =
+    let open Lwt_result_syntax in
+    let*? w = Lazy.force worker in
+    let*! (_pushed : bool) = Worker.Queue.push_request w (Request.Process b) in
+    return_unit
+
+  let shutdown () =
+    let open Lwt_syntax in
+    let w = Lazy.force worker in
+    match w with
+    | Error _ ->
+        (* There is no refutation coordinator, nothing to do *)
+        Lwt.return_unit
+    | Ok w ->
+        (* Shut down all current refutation players *)
+        let games = Player.current_games () in
+        let* () =
+          List.iter_s (fun (_opponent, player) -> Player.shutdown player) games
+        in
+        Worker.shutdown w
+end
diff --git a/src/proto_alpha/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_coordinator.mli b/src/proto_alpha/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_coordinator.mli
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ca17d1eb19abdad17400c56ded52f15a520c29bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/proto_alpha/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_coordinator.mli
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+(*****************************************************************************)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(* Open Source License                                                       *)
+(* Copyright (c) 2023 Nomadic Labs, <contact@nomadic-labs.com>               *)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(* Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a   *)
+(* copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),*)
+(* to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation *)
+(* the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,  *)
+(* and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the     *)
+(* Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:      *)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(* The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included   *)
+(* in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.                    *)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(* THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR*)
+(* IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,  *)
+(* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL   *)
+(* THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER*)
+(* LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING   *)
+(* FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER       *)
+(* DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.                                                 *)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(*****************************************************************************)
+
+(** Component for managing refutation games.
+    This module is implemented as a single worker in the rollup node,
+    which takes care of processing new L1 heads, and coordinating
+    the refutation game players. (See {!Refutation_player}).
+*)
+
+module type S = sig
+  module PVM : Pvm.S
+
+  (** Initiatilize the refuation coordinator. *)
+  val init : Node_context.rw -> unit tzresult Lwt.t
+
+  (** Process a new l1 head. This means that the coordinator will:
+      {ol
+        {li Gather all existing conflicts}
+        {li Launch new refutation players for each conflict that doesn't
+            have a player in this node}
+        {li Kill all players whose conflict has disappeared from L1}
+        {li Make all players play a step in the refutation}
+      }
+  *)
+  val process : Layer1.head -> unit tzresult Lwt.t
+
+  (** Shutdown the refutation coordinator. *)
+  val shutdown : unit -> unit Lwt.t
+end
+
+module Make (Interpreter : Interpreter.S) : S
diff --git a/src/proto_alpha/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_coordinator_types.ml b/src/proto_alpha/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_coordinator_types.ml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..314698ed82ff7cce4951b0d7eadebaf9bf3b7247
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/proto_alpha/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_coordinator_types.ml
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+(*****************************************************************************)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(* Open Source License                                                       *)
+(* Copyright (c) 2023 Nomadic Labs, <contact@nomadic-labs.com>               *)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(* Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a   *)
+(* copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),*)
+(* to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation *)
+(* the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,  *)
+(* and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the     *)
+(* Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:      *)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(* The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included   *)
+(* in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.                    *)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(* THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR*)
+(* IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,  *)
+(* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL   *)
+(* THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER*)
+(* LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING   *)
+(* FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER       *)
+(* DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.                                                 *)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(*****************************************************************************)
+
+module Request = struct
+  type ('a, 'b) t = Process : Layer1.head -> (unit, error trace) t
+
+  type view = View : _ t -> view
+
+  let view req = View req
+
+  let encoding =
+    let open Data_encoding in
+    union
+      [
+        case
+          (Tag 0)
+          ~title:"Process"
+          (obj2
+             (req "request" (constant "process"))
+             (req "block" Layer1.head_encoding))
+          (function View (Process b) -> Some ((), b))
+          (fun ((), b) -> View (Process b));
+      ]
+
+  let pp ppf (View r) =
+    match r with
+    | Process {Layer1.hash; level} ->
+        Format.fprintf
+          ppf
+          "Processing new L1 head %a at level %ld"
+          Block_hash.pp
+          hash
+          level
+end
diff --git a/src/proto_alpha/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_coordinator_types.mli b/src/proto_alpha/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_coordinator_types.mli
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f26d46885c774a05b48c75bcee47dd40a099fd64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/proto_alpha/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_coordinator_types.mli
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+(*****************************************************************************)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(* Open Source License                                                       *)
+(* Copyright (c) 2023 Nomadic Labs, <contact@nomadic-labs.com>               *)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(* Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a   *)
+(* copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),*)
+(* to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation *)
+(* the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,  *)
+(* and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the     *)
+(* Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:      *)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(* The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included   *)
+(* in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.                    *)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(* THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR*)
+(* IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,  *)
+(* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL   *)
+(* THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER*)
+(* LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING   *)
+(* FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER       *)
+(* DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.                                                 *)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(*****************************************************************************)
+
+module Request : sig
+  (** Type of requests accepted by the refutation coordinator. *)
+  type ('a, 'b) t =
+    | Process : Layer1.head -> (unit, error trace) t
+        (** Request to process new refutation games. *)
+
+  type view = View : _ t -> view
+
+  include
+    Worker_intf.REQUEST
+      with type ('a, 'request_error) t := ('a, 'request_error) t
+       and type view := view
+end
diff --git a/src/proto_alpha/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_game.ml b/src/proto_alpha/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_game.ml
index 9e145022763ec3ca33f343abbd8b255a10a2b8d4..42f30af2fbd40938b8fc6e4ad5b685a3f44c60d4 100644
--- a/src/proto_alpha/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_game.ml
+++ b/src/proto_alpha/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_game.ml
@@ -49,7 +49,18 @@ open Alpha_context
 module type S = sig
   module PVM : Pvm.S
 
-  val process : Layer1.head -> Node_context.rw -> unit tzresult Lwt.t
+  val play_opening_move :
+    [< `Read | `Write > `Read] Node_context.t ->
+    public_key_hash ->
+    Sc_rollup.Refutation_storage.conflict ->
+    (unit, tztrace) result Lwt.t
+
+  val play :
+    Node_context.rw ->
+    self:public_key_hash ->
+    Sc_rollup.Game.t ->
+    public_key_hash ->
+    (unit, tztrace) result Lwt.t
 end
 
 module Make (Interpreter : Interpreter.S) :
@@ -496,14 +507,15 @@ module Make (Interpreter : Interpreter.S) :
         if is_it_me then return_none else return (Some loser)
     | _ -> return_none
 
-  let play head_block node_ctxt self game staker1 staker2 =
+  let play node_ctxt ~self game opponent =
     let open Lwt_result_syntax in
-    let index = Sc_rollup.Game.Index.make staker1 staker2 in
+    let index = Sc_rollup.Game.Index.make self opponent in
+    let head_block = `Head 0 in
     match turn ~self game index with
     | Our_turn {opponent} -> play_next_move node_ctxt game self opponent
     | Their_turn -> (
         let* timeout_reached =
-          timeout_reached ~self head_block node_ctxt staker1 staker2
+          timeout_reached ~self head_block node_ctxt self opponent
         in
         match timeout_reached with
         | Some opponent ->
@@ -511,14 +523,6 @@ module Make (Interpreter : Interpreter.S) :
             play_timeout node_ctxt self index
         | None -> return_unit)
 
-  let ongoing_games head_block node_ctxt self =
-    let Node_context.{rollup_address; cctxt; _} = node_ctxt in
-    Plugin.RPC.Sc_rollup.ongoing_refutation_games
-      cctxt
-      (cctxt#chain, head_block)
-      rollup_address
-      self
-
   let play_opening_move node_ctxt self conflict =
     let open Lwt_syntax in
     let open Sc_rollup.Refutation_storage in
@@ -531,43 +535,4 @@ module Make (Interpreter : Interpreter.S) :
     in
     let refutation = Start {player_commitment_hash; opponent_commitment_hash} in
     inject_next_move node_ctxt self ~refutation ~opponent:conflict.other
-
-  let start_game_if_conflict head_block node_ctxt self =
-    let open Lwt_result_syntax in
-    let Node_context.{rollup_address; cctxt; _} = node_ctxt in
-    let* conflicts =
-      Plugin.RPC.Sc_rollup.conflicts
-        cctxt
-        (cctxt#chain, head_block)
-        rollup_address
-        self
-    in
-    let*! res = List.iter_es (play_opening_move node_ctxt self) conflicts in
-    match res with
-    | Ok r -> return r
-    | Error
-        [
-          Environment.Ecoproto_error
-            Sc_rollup_errors.Sc_rollup_game_already_started;
-        ] ->
-        (* The game may already be starting in the meantime. So we
-           ignore this error. *)
-        return_unit
-    | Error errs -> Lwt.return (Error errs)
-
-  let process Layer1.{hash; _} node_ctxt =
-    let head_block = `Hash (hash, 0) in
-    let open Lwt_result_syntax in
-    let refute_signer = Node_context.get_operator node_ctxt Refute in
-    match refute_signer with
-    | None ->
-        (* Not injecting refutations, don't play refutation games *)
-        return_unit
-    | Some self ->
-        let* () = start_game_if_conflict head_block node_ctxt self in
-        let* res = ongoing_games head_block node_ctxt self in
-        List.iter_es
-          (fun (game, staker1, staker2) ->
-            play head_block node_ctxt self game staker1 staker2)
-          res
 end
diff --git a/src/proto_alpha/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_game.mli b/src/proto_alpha/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_game.mli
index 12f7125221b84c86d8ddbd6890e50c034999b5c3..89399c86ae0a075273d818cb587bf9d4b9067621 100644
--- a/src/proto_alpha/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_game.mli
+++ b/src/proto_alpha/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_game.mli
@@ -23,14 +23,30 @@
 (*                                                                           *)
 (*****************************************************************************)
 
+open Protocol
+open Alpha_context
+
 (** This module implements the refutation game logic of the rollup
     node. *)
 module type S = sig
   module PVM : Pvm.S
 
-  (** [process head node_ctxt] reacts to any operations of [head] related to
-      refutation games. *)
-  val process : Layer1.head -> Node_context.rw -> unit tzresult Lwt.t
+  (** [play_opening_move node_ctxt self conflict] injects the opening
+      refutation game move for [conflict]. *)
+  val play_opening_move :
+    [< `Read | `Write > `Read] Node_context.t ->
+    public_key_hash ->
+    Sc_rollup.Refutation_storage.conflict ->
+    (unit, tztrace) result Lwt.t
+
+  (** [play head_block node_ctxt ~self game opponent] injects the next
+      move in the refutation [game] played by [self] and [opponent]. *)
+  val play :
+    Node_context.rw ->
+    self:public_key_hash ->
+    Sc_rollup.Game.t ->
+    public_key_hash ->
+    (unit, tztrace) result Lwt.t
 end
 
 module Make (Interpreter : Interpreter.S) : S with module PVM = Interpreter.PVM
diff --git a/src/proto_alpha/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_game_event.ml b/src/proto_alpha/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_game_event.ml
index 45530c687e35d706bbe507eca905c584858fe115..ec11b4cdc3fc7ed82d0fe6cc64a5c70fa7a8d4e5 100644
--- a/src/proto_alpha/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_game_event.ml
+++ b/src/proto_alpha/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_game_event.ml
@@ -28,11 +28,11 @@ open Protocol.Alpha_context
 (* TODO: https://gitlab.com/tezos/tezos/-/issues/2880
    Add corresponding .mli file. *)
 
+let section = [Protocol.name; "sc_rollup_node"; "refutation_game"]
+
 module Simple = struct
   include Internal_event.Simple
 
-  let section = [Protocol.name; "sc_rollup_node"; "refutation_game"]
-
   let timeout =
     declare_1
       ~section
@@ -115,6 +115,86 @@ module Simple = struct
       ("start_tick", Sc_rollup.Tick.encoding)
       ("end_tick", Sc_rollup.Tick.encoding)
       ("dissection", Data_encoding.list dissection_chunk_encoding)
+
+  module Worker (ARG : sig
+    val section : string list
+  end)
+  (Request : Worker_intf.REQUEST) =
+  struct
+    include ARG
+
+    let request_failed =
+      declare_3
+        ~section
+        ~name:"request_failed"
+        ~msg:"request {view} failed ({worker_status}): {errors}"
+        ~level:Debug
+        ("view", Request.encoding)
+        ~pp1:Request.pp
+        ("worker_status", Worker_types.request_status_encoding)
+        ~pp2:Worker_types.pp_status
+        ("errors", Error_monad.trace_encoding)
+        ~pp3:Error_monad.pp_print_trace
+
+    let request_completed =
+      declare_2
+        ~section
+        ~name:"request_completed"
+        ~msg:"{view} {worker_status}"
+        ~level:Debug
+        ("view", Request.encoding)
+        ("worker_status", Worker_types.request_status_encoding)
+        ~pp1:Request.pp
+        ~pp2:Worker_types.pp_status
+  end
+
+  module Player = struct
+    include
+      Worker
+        (struct
+          let section = section @ ["player"]
+        end)
+        (Refutation_player_types.Request)
+
+    let started =
+      declare_2
+        ~section
+        ~name:"player_started"
+        ~msg:
+          "refutation player started to play against {opponent}, defenfing \
+           commitment {commitment}"
+        ~level:Notice
+        ("opponent", Signature.Public_key_hash.encoding)
+        ~pp1:Signature.Public_key_hash.pp
+        ("commitment", Sc_rollup.Commitment.encoding)
+        ~pp2:Sc_rollup.Commitment.pp
+
+    let stopped =
+      declare_1
+        ~section
+        ~name:"player_stopped"
+        ~msg:"refutation player for opponent {opponent} has been stopped"
+        ~level:Notice
+        ("opponent", Signature.Public_key_hash.encoding)
+        ~pp1:Signature.Public_key_hash.pp
+  end
+
+  module Coordinator = struct
+    include
+      Worker
+        (struct
+          let section = section @ ["coordinator"]
+        end)
+        (Refutation_coordinator_types.Request)
+
+    let starting =
+      declare_0
+        ~section
+        ~name:"coordinator_starting"
+        ~msg:"Starting refutation coordinator for the smart rollup node"
+        ~level:Notice
+        ()
+  end
 end
 
 let timeout address = Simple.(emit timeout address)
@@ -151,3 +231,30 @@ let timeout_detected other = Simple.(emit timeout_detected other)
 
 let computed_dissection ~opponent ~start_tick ~end_tick dissection =
   Simple.(emit computed_dissection (opponent, start_tick, end_tick, dissection))
+
+module Player = struct
+  let section = Simple.Player.section
+
+  let request_failed view worker_status errors =
+    Simple.(emit Player.request_failed (view, worker_status, errors))
+
+  let request_completed view worker_status =
+    Simple.(emit Player.request_completed (view, worker_status))
+
+  let started opponent commitment =
+    Simple.(emit Player.started (opponent, commitment))
+
+  let stopped opponent = Simple.(emit Player.stopped opponent)
+end
+
+module Coordinator = struct
+  let section = Simple.Coordinator.section
+
+  let request_failed view worker_status errors =
+    Simple.(emit Coordinator.request_failed (view, worker_status, errors))
+
+  let request_completed view worker_status =
+    Simple.(emit Coordinator.request_completed (view, worker_status))
+
+  let starting = Simple.(emit Coordinator.starting)
+end
diff --git a/src/proto_alpha/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_player.ml b/src/proto_alpha/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_player.ml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e5c51eecfb468d323eaf82d561726cc234f6d012
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/proto_alpha/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_player.ml
@@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
+(*****************************************************************************)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(* Open Source License                                                       *)
+(* Copyright (c) 2023 Nomadic Labs, <contact@nomadic-labs.com>               *)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(* Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a   *)
+(* copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),*)
+(* to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation *)
+(* the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,  *)
+(* and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the     *)
+(* Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:      *)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(* The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included   *)
+(* in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.                    *)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(* THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR*)
+(* IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,  *)
+(* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL   *)
+(* THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER*)
+(* LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING   *)
+(* FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER       *)
+(* DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.                                                 *)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(*****************************************************************************)
+
+open Protocol
+open Alpha_context
+open Refutation_player_types
+
+module Types = struct
+  type state = {
+    node_ctxt : Node_context.rw;
+    self : public_key_hash;
+    opponent : public_key_hash;
+    mutable last_move_cache : (Sc_rollup.Game.game_state * int32) option;
+  }
+
+  type parameters = {
+    node_ctxt : Node_context.rw;
+    self : public_key_hash;
+    conflict : Sc_rollup.Refutation_storage.conflict;
+  }
+end
+
+module Name = struct
+  let base = Refutation_game_event.Player.section @ ["worker"]
+
+  include Signature.Public_key_hash
+end
+
+module Worker = Worker.MakeSingle (Name) (Request) (Types)
+
+type worker = Worker.infinite Worker.queue Worker.t
+
+let table = Worker.create_table Queue
+
+module type S = sig
+  val init_and_play :
+    Node_context.rw ->
+    self:public_key_hash ->
+    conflict:Sc_rollup.Refutation_storage.conflict ->
+    game:Sc_rollup.Game.t option ->
+    level:int32 ->
+    unit tzresult Lwt.t
+
+  val play : worker -> Sc_rollup.Game.t -> level:int32 -> unit Lwt.t
+
+  val shutdown : worker -> unit Lwt.t
+
+  val current_games : unit -> (public_key_hash * worker) list
+end
+
+module Make (Interpreter : Interpreter.S) : S = struct
+  open Refutation_game.Make (Interpreter)
+
+  let on_play game Types.{node_ctxt; self; opponent; _} =
+    play node_ctxt ~self game opponent
+
+  let on_play_opening conflict (Types.{node_ctxt; self; _} : Types.state) =
+    play_opening_move node_ctxt self conflict
+
+  module Handlers = struct
+    type self = worker
+
+    let on_request :
+        type r request_error.
+        worker ->
+        (r, request_error) Request.t ->
+        (r, request_error) result Lwt.t =
+     fun w request ->
+      let state = Worker.state w in
+      match request with
+      | Request.Play game -> on_play game state
+      | Request.Play_opening conflict -> on_play_opening conflict state
+
+    type launch_error = error trace
+
+    let on_launch _w _name Types.{node_ctxt; self; conflict} =
+      return
+        Types.
+          {node_ctxt; self; opponent = conflict.other; last_move_cache = None}
+
+    let on_error (type a b) _w st (r : (a, b) Request.t) (errs : b) :
+        unit tzresult Lwt.t =
+      let open Lwt_result_syntax in
+      let request_view = Request.view r in
+      let emit_and_return_errors errs =
+        let*! () =
+          Refutation_game_event.Player.request_failed request_view st errs
+        in
+        return_unit
+      in
+      match r with
+      | Request.Play _ -> emit_and_return_errors errs
+      | Request.Play_opening _ -> emit_and_return_errors errs
+
+    let on_completion _w r _ st =
+      Refutation_game_event.Player.request_completed (Request.view r) st
+
+    let on_no_request _ = Lwt.return_unit
+
+    let on_close w =
+      let open Lwt_syntax in
+      let state = Worker.state w in
+      let* () = Refutation_game_event.Player.stopped state.opponent in
+      return_unit
+  end
+
+  let init node_ctxt ~self ~conflict =
+    let open Lwt_result_syntax in
+    let*! () =
+      Refutation_game_event.Player.started
+        conflict.Sc_rollup.Refutation_storage.other
+        conflict.Sc_rollup.Refutation_storage.our_commitment
+    in
+    let worker_promise, worker_waker = Lwt.task () in
+    let* worker =
+      trace Sc_rollup_node_errors.Refutation_player_failed_to_start
+      @@ Worker.launch
+           table
+           conflict.other
+           {node_ctxt; self; conflict}
+           (module Handlers)
+    in
+    let () = Lwt.wakeup worker_waker worker in
+    let worker =
+      match Lwt.state worker_promise with
+      | Lwt.Return worker -> ok worker
+      | Lwt.Fail _ | Lwt.Sleep ->
+          error Sc_rollup_node_errors.Refutation_player_failed_to_start
+    in
+    Lwt.return worker
+
+  (* Play if:
+      - There's a new game state to play against or
+      - The current level is past the buffer for re-playing in the
+        same game state.
+  *)
+  let should_move ~level game last_move_cache =
+    match last_move_cache with
+    | None -> true
+    | Some (last_move_game_state, last_move_level) ->
+        (not
+           (Sc_rollup.Game.game_state_equal
+              game.Sc_rollup.Game.game_state
+              last_move_game_state))
+        || Int32.(
+             sub level last_move_level
+             > of_int Configuration.refutation_player_buffer_levels)
+
+  let play w game ~(level : int32) =
+    let open Lwt_syntax in
+    let state = Worker.state w in
+    if should_move ~level game state.last_move_cache then (
+      let* pushed = Worker.Queue.push_request w (Request.Play game) in
+      if pushed then
+        state.last_move_cache <- Some (game.Sc_rollup.Game.game_state, level) ;
+      return_unit)
+    else return_unit
+
+  let play_opening w conflict =
+    let open Lwt_syntax in
+    let* (_pushed : bool) =
+      Worker.Queue.push_request w (Request.Play_opening conflict)
+    in
+    return_unit
+
+  let init_and_play node_ctxt ~self ~conflict ~game ~level =
+    let open Lwt_result_syntax in
+    let* worker = init node_ctxt ~self ~conflict in
+    let*! () =
+      match game with
+      | None -> play_opening worker conflict
+      | Some game -> play worker game ~level
+    in
+    return_unit
+
+  let current_games () =
+    List.map
+      (fun (_name, worker) -> ((Worker.state worker).opponent, worker))
+      (Worker.list table)
+
+  let shutdown = Worker.shutdown
+end
diff --git a/src/proto_alpha/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_player.mli b/src/proto_alpha/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_player.mli
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1c6bbed96676ac916004fa3db2020989ae190047
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/proto_alpha/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_player.mli
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+(*****************************************************************************)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(* Open Source License                                                       *)
+(* Copyright (c) 2023 Nomadic Labs, <contact@nomadic-labs.com>               *)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(* Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a   *)
+(* copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),*)
+(* to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation *)
+(* the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,  *)
+(* and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the     *)
+(* Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:      *)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(* The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included   *)
+(* in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.                    *)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(* THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR*)
+(* IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,  *)
+(* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL   *)
+(* THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER*)
+(* LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING   *)
+(* FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER       *)
+(* DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.                                                 *)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(*****************************************************************************)
+
+open Protocol
+open Alpha_context
+
+(** Worker module for a signle refutation game player.
+    The node's refutation coordinator will spawn a new refutation player
+    for each refutation game.
+*)
+module Worker : Worker.T
+
+(** Type for a refutation game player.  *)
+type worker = Worker.infinite Worker.queue Worker.t
+
+module type S = sig
+  (** [init_and_play node_ctxt ~self ~conflict ~game ~level]
+      initializes  a new refutation game player for signer [self].
+      After initizialization, the worker will play the next move
+      depending on the [game] state.
+      If no [game] is passed, the worker will play the opening
+      move for [conflict].
+  *)
+  val init_and_play :
+    Node_context.rw ->
+    self:public_key_hash ->
+    conflict:Sc_rollup.Refutation_storage.conflict ->
+    game:Sc_rollup.Game.t option ->
+    level:int32 ->
+    unit tzresult Lwt.t
+
+  (** [play worker game ~level] makes the [worker] play the next move depending
+      on the [game] state for their conflict.
+  *)
+  val play : worker -> Sc_rollup.Game.t -> level:int32 -> unit Lwt.t
+
+  (** Shutdown a refutaiton game player. *)
+  val shutdown : worker -> unit Lwt.t
+
+  (** [current_games ()] lists the opponents' this node is playing
+      refutation games against, alongside the worker that takes care
+      of each game. *)
+  val current_games : unit -> (public_key_hash * worker) list
+end
+
+module Make (Interpreter : Interpreter.S) : S
diff --git a/src/proto_alpha/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_player_types.ml b/src/proto_alpha/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_player_types.ml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5cb43af305096ca46dc4584d791b021229c4d0d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/proto_alpha/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_player_types.ml
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+(*****************************************************************************)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(* Open Source License                                                       *)
+(* Copyright (c) 2023 Nomadic Labs, <contact@nomadic-labs.com>               *)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(* Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a   *)
+(* copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),*)
+(* to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation *)
+(* the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,  *)
+(* and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the     *)
+(* Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:      *)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(* The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included   *)
+(* in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.                    *)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(* THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR*)
+(* IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,  *)
+(* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL   *)
+(* THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER*)
+(* LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING   *)
+(* FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER       *)
+(* DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.                                                 *)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(*****************************************************************************)
+open Protocol
+open Alpha_context
+
+module Request = struct
+  type ('a, 'b) t =
+    | Play : Sc_rollup.Game.t -> (unit, error trace) t
+    | Play_opening :
+        Sc_rollup.Refutation_storage.conflict
+        -> (unit, error trace) t
+
+  type view = View : _ t -> view
+
+  let view req = View req
+
+  let encoding =
+    let open Data_encoding in
+    union
+      [
+        case
+          (Tag 0)
+          ~title:"Play"
+          (obj2
+             (req "request" (constant "play"))
+             (req "game" Sc_rollup.Game.encoding))
+          (function View (Play g) -> Some ((), g) | _ -> None)
+          (fun ((), g) -> View (Play g));
+        case
+          (Tag 1)
+          ~title:"Play opening"
+          (obj2
+             (req "request" (constant "play_opening"))
+             (req "conflict" Sc_rollup.Refutation_storage.conflict_encoding))
+          (function View (Play_opening c) -> Some ((), c) | _ -> None)
+          (fun ((), c) -> View (Play_opening c));
+      ]
+
+  let pp ppf (View r) =
+    match r with
+    | Play game -> Format.fprintf ppf "Playing game %a" Sc_rollup.Game.pp game
+    | Play_opening conflict ->
+        Format.fprintf
+          ppf
+          "Playing opening move for conflict against staker %a at our \
+           commitment %a"
+          Sc_rollup.Staker.pp
+          conflict.other
+          Sc_rollup.Commitment.pp
+          conflict.our_commitment
+end
diff --git a/src/proto_alpha/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_player_types.mli b/src/proto_alpha/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_player_types.mli
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d29fd8289f450cde25d7a3e5b4fa6bc7ca278e8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/proto_alpha/lib_sc_rollup_node/refutation_player_types.mli
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+(*****************************************************************************)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(* Open Source License                                                       *)
+(* Copyright (c) 2023 Nomadic Labs, <contact@nomadic-labs.com>               *)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(* Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a   *)
+(* copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),*)
+(* to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation *)
+(* the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,  *)
+(* and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the     *)
+(* Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:      *)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(* The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included   *)
+(* in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.                    *)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(* THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR*)
+(* IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,  *)
+(* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL   *)
+(* THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER*)
+(* LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING   *)
+(* FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER       *)
+(* DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.                                                 *)
+(*                                                                           *)
+(*****************************************************************************)
+
+open Protocol
+open Alpha_context
+
+module Request : sig
+  (** Type of requests accepted by the refutation player. *)
+  type ('a, 'b) t =
+    | Play : Sc_rollup.Game.t -> (unit, error trace) t
+        (** Play a step of an ongoing refutation game. *)
+    | Play_opening :
+        Sc_rollup.Refutation_storage.conflict
+        -> (unit, error trace) t
+        (** Play the opening move of a refutation game. *)
+
+  type view = View : _ t -> view
+
+  include
+    Worker_intf.REQUEST
+      with type ('a, 'request_error) t := ('a, 'request_error) t
+       and type view := view
+end
diff --git a/src/proto_alpha/lib_sc_rollup_node/sc_rollup_node_errors.ml b/src/proto_alpha/lib_sc_rollup_node/sc_rollup_node_errors.ml
index 48d36a8391eb0e32a1a39dd79eb09ba897ef7bd7..c0b3197a1bbede41f7a8025b0f0d387f70bba2c2 100644
--- a/src/proto_alpha/lib_sc_rollup_node/sc_rollup_node_errors.ml
+++ b/src/proto_alpha/lib_sc_rollup_node/sc_rollup_node_errors.ml
@@ -55,6 +55,8 @@ type error +=
   | Cannot_checkout_context of Block_hash.t * Sc_rollup_context_hash.t option
   | No_batcher
   | No_publisher
+  | Refutation_player_failed_to_start
+  | No_refutation_coordinator
 
 type error += Lost_game of Protocol.Alpha_context.Sc_rollup.Game.game_result
 
@@ -321,4 +323,26 @@ let () =
     `Permanent
     Data_encoding.unit
     (function No_publisher -> Some () | _ -> None)
-    (fun () -> No_publisher)
+    (fun () -> No_publisher) ;
+
+  register_error_kind
+    ~id:"sc_rollup.node.no_refutation_coordinator"
+    ~title:"No refutation coordinator for this node"
+    ~description:"This node does not have a refutation game coordinator"
+    ~pp:(fun ppf () ->
+      Format.fprintf ppf "This node does not have a refutation game coordinator")
+    `Permanent
+    Data_encoding.unit
+    (function No_refutation_coordinator -> Some () | _ -> None)
+    (fun () -> No_refutation_coordinator) ;
+
+  register_error_kind
+    ~id:"sc_rollup.node.no_refutation_player"
+    ~title:"A refutation player failed to start"
+    ~description:"A refutation player failed to start"
+    ~pp:(fun ppf () ->
+      Format.fprintf ppf "A refutation player failed to start.")
+    `Permanent
+    Data_encoding.unit
+    (function Refutation_player_failed_to_start -> Some () | _ -> None)
+    (fun () -> Refutation_player_failed_to_start)
diff --git a/tezt/lib_tezos/sc_rollup_node.ml b/tezt/lib_tezos/sc_rollup_node.ml
index 357533e5c64adebb08fd4fd0e0e5f31f77094256..d2f6f7b095b6c44a76f237e904bbf4913f9379f7 100644
--- a/tezt/lib_tezos/sc_rollup_node.ml
+++ b/tezt/lib_tezos/sc_rollup_node.ml
@@ -242,6 +242,10 @@ let wait_for_level ?timeout sc_node level =
         ~where:("level >= " ^ string_of_int level)
         promise
 
+let wait_sync sc_node ~timeout =
+  let node_level = Node.get_level sc_node.persistent_state.node in
+  wait_for_level ~timeout sc_node node_level
+
 let handle_event sc_node {name; value; timestamp = _} =
   match name with
   | "smart_rollup_node_is_ready.v0" -> set_ready sc_node
@@ -336,7 +340,7 @@ let run ?event_level ?event_sections_levels ?loser_mode node rollup_address
   let* () = wait_for_ready node in
   return ()
 
-let change_node_and_restart sc_rollup_node rollup_address node =
+let change_node_and_restart ?event_level sc_rollup_node rollup_address node =
   let* () = terminate sc_rollup_node in
   sc_rollup_node.persistent_state.node <- node ;
-  run sc_rollup_node rollup_address []
+  run ?event_level sc_rollup_node rollup_address []
diff --git a/tezt/lib_tezos/sc_rollup_node.mli b/tezt/lib_tezos/sc_rollup_node.mli
index 9defa9fdd3c4102d61115cd1f82cff936fa0b563..e64a87c0c771c34de7f50d17c5d2682a2df9c401 100644
--- a/tezt/lib_tezos/sc_rollup_node.mli
+++ b/tezt/lib_tezos/sc_rollup_node.mli
@@ -172,6 +172,10 @@ val wait_for_ready : t -> unit Lwt.t
    passed. *)
 val wait_for_level : ?timeout:float -> t -> int -> int Lwt.t
 
+(** Wait until the layer 1 of the sc node is synchronized with its
+    underlying l1 node. *)
+val wait_sync : t -> timeout:float -> int Lwt.t
+
 (** [wait_for ?where sc_node event_name filter] waits for the SCORU node
     [sc_node] to emit an event named [name] (usually this is the name the event
     is declared with, concatenated with [".v0"]). [wait_for] continues to wait
@@ -183,4 +187,5 @@ val wait_for : ?where:string -> t -> string -> (JSON.t -> 'a option) -> 'a Lwt.t
 
 (** Stops the rollup node and restart it, connected to another Tezos Layer 1
     node. *)
-val change_node_and_restart : t -> string -> Node.t -> unit Lwt.t
+val change_node_and_restart :
+  ?event_level:Daemon.Level.default_level -> t -> string -> Node.t -> unit Lwt.t
diff --git a/tezt/tests/expected/sc_rollup.ml/Alpha- wasm_2_0_0 - refutation games winning strategies (inbox_proof_0).out b/tezt/tests/expected/sc_rollup.ml/Alpha- wasm_2_0_0 - refutation games winning strategies (inbox_proof_0).out
index 5994a7d55da0e0c3b844570ab4959ae2e86f285d..5cf83e4cfa9a02f65deff0ca418ef25d4aeb9f79 100644
--- a/tezt/tests/expected/sc_rollup.ml/Alpha- wasm_2_0_0 - refutation games winning strategies (inbox_proof_0).out	
+++ b/tezt/tests/expected/sc_rollup.ml/Alpha- wasm_2_0_0 - refutation games winning strategies (inbox_proof_0).out	
@@ -3,106 +3,16 @@
 {
   "opponent": "tz1gjaF81ZRRvdzjobyfVNsAeSC6PScjfQwN",
   "start_tick": "0",
-  "end_tick": "990000000000",
+  "end_tick": "22000000000",
   "dissection": [
     {
       "tick": "0"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "22000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "44000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "66000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "88000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "110000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "132000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "165000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "198000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "231000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "264000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "297000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "330000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "363000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "396000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "429000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "462000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "495000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "528000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "561000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "594000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "627000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "660000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "693000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "726000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "759000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "792000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "825000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "858000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "891000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "924000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "957000000000"
+      "tick": "11000000000"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "990000000000"
+      "tick": "22000000000"
     }
   ]
 }
@@ -111,106 +21,106 @@
 {
   "opponent": "tz1gjaF81ZRRvdzjobyfVNsAeSC6PScjfQwN",
   "start_tick": "0",
-  "end_tick": "11000000000",
+  "end_tick": "343750000",
   "dissection": [
     {
       "tick": "0"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "343750000"
+      "tick": "10742187"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "687500000"
+      "tick": "21484374"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "1031250000"
+      "tick": "32226561"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "1375000000"
+      "tick": "42968748"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "1718750000"
+      "tick": "53710935"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "2062500000"
+      "tick": "64453122"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "2406250000"
+      "tick": "75195309"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "2750000000"
+      "tick": "85937496"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "3093750000"
+      "tick": "96679683"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "3437500000"
+      "tick": "107421870"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "3781250000"
+      "tick": "118164057"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "4125000000"
+      "tick": "128906244"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "4468750000"
+      "tick": "139648431"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "4812500000"
+      "tick": "150390618"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "5156250000"
+      "tick": "161132805"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "5500000000"
+      "tick": "171874992"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "5843750000"
+      "tick": "182617179"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "6187500000"
+      "tick": "193359366"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "6531250000"
+      "tick": "204101553"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "6875000000"
+      "tick": "214843740"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "7218750000"
+      "tick": "225585927"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "7562500000"
+      "tick": "236328114"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "7906250000"
+      "tick": "247070301"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "8250000000"
+      "tick": "257812488"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "8593750000"
+      "tick": "268554675"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "8937500000"
+      "tick": "279296862"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "9281250000"
+      "tick": "290039049"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "9625000000"
+      "tick": "300781236"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "9968750000"
+      "tick": "311523423"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "10312500000"
+      "tick": "322265610"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "10656250000"
+      "tick": "333007797"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "11000000000"
+      "tick": "343750000"
     }
   ]
 }
@@ -219,106 +129,106 @@
 {
   "opponent": "tz1gjaF81ZRRvdzjobyfVNsAeSC6PScjfQwN",
   "start_tick": "0",
-  "end_tick": "10742187",
+  "end_tick": "335693",
   "dissection": [
     {
       "tick": "0"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "335693"
+      "tick": "10490"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "671386"
+      "tick": "20980"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "1007079"
+      "tick": "31470"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "1342772"
+      "tick": "41960"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "1678465"
+      "tick": "52450"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "2014158"
+      "tick": "62940"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "2349851"
+      "tick": "73430"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "2685544"
+      "tick": "83920"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "3021237"
+      "tick": "94410"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "3356930"
+      "tick": "104900"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "3692623"
+      "tick": "115390"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "4028316"
+      "tick": "125880"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "4364009"
+      "tick": "136370"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "4699702"
+      "tick": "146860"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "5035395"
+      "tick": "157350"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "5371088"
+      "tick": "167840"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "5706781"
+      "tick": "178330"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "6042474"
+      "tick": "188820"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "6378167"
+      "tick": "199310"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "6713860"
+      "tick": "209800"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "7049553"
+      "tick": "220290"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "7385246"
+      "tick": "230780"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "7720939"
+      "tick": "241270"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "8056632"
+      "tick": "251760"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "8392325"
+      "tick": "262250"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "8728018"
+      "tick": "272740"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "9063711"
+      "tick": "283230"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "9399404"
+      "tick": "293720"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "9735097"
+      "tick": "304210"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "10070790"
+      "tick": "314700"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "10406483"
+      "tick": "325190"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "10742187"
+      "tick": "335693"
     }
   ]
 }
@@ -327,106 +237,106 @@
 {
   "opponent": "tz1gjaF81ZRRvdzjobyfVNsAeSC6PScjfQwN",
   "start_tick": "0",
-  "end_tick": "10490",
+  "end_tick": "327",
   "dissection": [
     {
       "tick": "0"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "327"
+      "tick": "10"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "654"
+      "tick": "20"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "981"
+      "tick": "30"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "1308"
+      "tick": "40"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "1635"
+      "tick": "50"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "1962"
+      "tick": "60"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "2289"
+      "tick": "70"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "2616"
+      "tick": "80"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "2943"
+      "tick": "90"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "3270"
+      "tick": "100"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "3597"
+      "tick": "110"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "3924"
+      "tick": "120"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "4251"
+      "tick": "130"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "4578"
+      "tick": "140"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "4905"
+      "tick": "150"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "5232"
+      "tick": "160"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "5559"
+      "tick": "170"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "5886"
+      "tick": "180"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "6213"
+      "tick": "190"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "6540"
+      "tick": "200"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "6867"
+      "tick": "210"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "7194"
+      "tick": "220"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "7521"
+      "tick": "230"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "7848"
+      "tick": "240"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "8175"
+      "tick": "250"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "8502"
+      "tick": "260"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "8829"
+      "tick": "270"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "9156"
+      "tick": "280"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "9483"
+      "tick": "290"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "9810"
+      "tick": "300"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "10137"
+      "tick": "310"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "10490"
+      "tick": "327"
     }
   ]
 }
@@ -435,40 +345,13 @@
 {
   "opponent": "tz1gjaF81ZRRvdzjobyfVNsAeSC6PScjfQwN",
   "start_tick": "0",
-  "end_tick": "10",
+  "end_tick": "1",
   "dissection": [
     {
       "tick": "0"
     },
     {
       "tick": "1"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "2"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "3"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "4"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "5"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "6"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "7"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "8"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "9"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "10"
     }
   ]
 }
diff --git a/tezt/tests/expected/sc_rollup.ml/Alpha- wasm_2_0_0 - refutation games winning strategies (inbox_proof_1).out b/tezt/tests/expected/sc_rollup.ml/Alpha- wasm_2_0_0 - refutation games winning strategies (inbox_proof_1).out
index 5994a7d55da0e0c3b844570ab4959ae2e86f285d..c62802d88db72c4e936cf3d74bcf702bc98eda51 100644
--- a/tezt/tests/expected/sc_rollup.ml/Alpha- wasm_2_0_0 - refutation games winning strategies (inbox_proof_1).out	
+++ b/tezt/tests/expected/sc_rollup.ml/Alpha- wasm_2_0_0 - refutation games winning strategies (inbox_proof_1).out	
@@ -3,106 +3,16 @@
 {
   "opponent": "tz1gjaF81ZRRvdzjobyfVNsAeSC6PScjfQwN",
   "start_tick": "0",
-  "end_tick": "990000000000",
+  "end_tick": "22000000000",
   "dissection": [
     {
       "tick": "0"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "22000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "44000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "66000000000"
-    },
-    {
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 }
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diff --git a/tezt/tests/expected/sc_rollup.ml/Alpha- wasm_2_0_0 - refutation games winning strategies (pvm_proof_0).out b/tezt/tests/expected/sc_rollup.ml/Alpha- wasm_2_0_0 - refutation games winning strategies (pvm_proof_0).out
index a55a3d1ac3d2457d88fa5b215427df68e85e53f5..97cf7e39daabb7b7266c2eb92fb0c8822f5aacf1 100644
--- a/tezt/tests/expected/sc_rollup.ml/Alpha- wasm_2_0_0 - refutation games winning strategies (pvm_proof_0).out	
+++ b/tezt/tests/expected/sc_rollup.ml/Alpha- wasm_2_0_0 - refutation games winning strategies (pvm_proof_0).out	
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-      "tick": "198000010490"
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   ]
 }
@@ -434,41 +347,14 @@
 
 {
   "opponent": "tz1gjaF81ZRRvdzjobyfVNsAeSC6PScjfQwN",
-  "start_tick": "198000000000",
-  "end_tick": "198000000010",
+  "start_tick": "198000000008",
+  "end_tick": "198000000009",
   "dissection": [
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-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "198000000001"
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     },
     {
       "tick": "198000000009"
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-    {
-      "tick": "198000000010"
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   ]
 }
diff --git a/tezt/tests/expected/sc_rollup.ml/Alpha- wasm_2_0_0 - refutation games winning strategies (pvm_proof_1).out b/tezt/tests/expected/sc_rollup.ml/Alpha- wasm_2_0_0 - refutation games winning strategies (pvm_proof_1).out
index 697c6fab249d2a626c604d0fb0ad59fbdf0e2132..29b87b472190195e8e86f14bc3f12e1f0c9fa547 100644
--- a/tezt/tests/expected/sc_rollup.ml/Alpha- wasm_2_0_0 - refutation games winning strategies (pvm_proof_1).out	
+++ b/tezt/tests/expected/sc_rollup.ml/Alpha- wasm_2_0_0 - refutation games winning strategies (pvm_proof_1).out	
@@ -2,107 +2,20 @@
 
 {
   "opponent": "tz1gjaF81ZRRvdzjobyfVNsAeSC6PScjfQwN",
-  "start_tick": "0",
-  "end_tick": "990000000000",
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+  "end_tick": "429000000000",
   "dissection": [
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-    {
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-    {
-      "tick": "891000000000"
-    },
-    {
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+      "tick": "407000000000"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "957000000000"
+      "tick": "418000000000"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "990000000000"
+      "tick": "429000000000"
     }
   ]
 }
@@ -111,106 +24,106 @@
 {
   "opponent": "tz1gjaF81ZRRvdzjobyfVNsAeSC6PScjfQwN",
   "start_tick": "396000000000",
-  "end_tick": "407000000000",
+  "end_tick": "396343750000",
   "dissection": [
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       "tick": "396000000000"
     },
     {
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 }
@@ -219,106 +132,106 @@
 {
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   "start_tick": "396000000000",
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+      "tick": "396000335693"
     }
   ]
 }
@@ -327,106 +240,106 @@
 {
   "opponent": "tz1gjaF81ZRRvdzjobyfVNsAeSC6PScjfQwN",
   "start_tick": "396000000000",
-  "end_tick": "396000010490",
+  "end_tick": "396000000327",
   "dissection": [
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       "tick": "396000000000"
     },
     {
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     },
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   ]
 }
@@ -434,41 +347,14 @@
 
 {
   "opponent": "tz1gjaF81ZRRvdzjobyfVNsAeSC6PScjfQwN",
-  "start_tick": "396000000000",
-  "end_tick": "396000000010",
+  "start_tick": "396000000008",
+  "end_tick": "396000000009",
   "dissection": [
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-    },
-    {
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     {
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     },
     {
       "tick": "396000000009"
-    },
-    {
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     }
   ]
 }
diff --git a/tezt/tests/expected/sc_rollup.ml/Alpha- wasm_2_0_0 - refutation games winning strategies (pvm_proof_2).out b/tezt/tests/expected/sc_rollup.ml/Alpha- wasm_2_0_0 - refutation games winning strategies (pvm_proof_2).out
index 697c6fab249d2a626c604d0fb0ad59fbdf0e2132..29b87b472190195e8e86f14bc3f12e1f0c9fa547 100644
--- a/tezt/tests/expected/sc_rollup.ml/Alpha- wasm_2_0_0 - refutation games winning strategies (pvm_proof_2).out	
+++ b/tezt/tests/expected/sc_rollup.ml/Alpha- wasm_2_0_0 - refutation games winning strategies (pvm_proof_2).out	
@@ -2,107 +2,20 @@
 
 {
   "opponent": "tz1gjaF81ZRRvdzjobyfVNsAeSC6PScjfQwN",
-  "start_tick": "0",
-  "end_tick": "990000000000",
+  "start_tick": "396000000000",
+  "end_tick": "429000000000",
   "dissection": [
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     },
     {
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   ]
 }
@@ -111,106 +24,106 @@
 {
   "opponent": "tz1gjaF81ZRRvdzjobyfVNsAeSC6PScjfQwN",
   "start_tick": "396000000000",
-  "end_tick": "407000000000",
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-      "tick": "407000000000"
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 }
@@ -219,106 +132,106 @@
 {
   "opponent": "tz1gjaF81ZRRvdzjobyfVNsAeSC6PScjfQwN",
   "start_tick": "396000000000",
-  "end_tick": "396010742187",
+  "end_tick": "396000335693",
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 }
@@ -327,106 +240,106 @@
 {
   "opponent": "tz1gjaF81ZRRvdzjobyfVNsAeSC6PScjfQwN",
   "start_tick": "396000000000",
-  "end_tick": "396000010490",
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   "dissection": [
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 }
@@ -434,41 +347,14 @@
 
 {
   "opponent": "tz1gjaF81ZRRvdzjobyfVNsAeSC6PScjfQwN",
-  "start_tick": "396000000000",
-  "end_tick": "396000000010",
+  "start_tick": "396000000008",
+  "end_tick": "396000000009",
   "dissection": [
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 }
diff --git a/tezt/tests/expected/sc_rollup.ml/Alpha- wasm_2_0_0 - refutation games winning strategies (pvm_proof_3).out b/tezt/tests/expected/sc_rollup.ml/Alpha- wasm_2_0_0 - refutation games winning strategies (pvm_proof_3).out
index 697c6fab249d2a626c604d0fb0ad59fbdf0e2132..29b87b472190195e8e86f14bc3f12e1f0c9fa547 100644
--- a/tezt/tests/expected/sc_rollup.ml/Alpha- wasm_2_0_0 - refutation games winning strategies (pvm_proof_3).out	
+++ b/tezt/tests/expected/sc_rollup.ml/Alpha- wasm_2_0_0 - refutation games winning strategies (pvm_proof_3).out	
@@ -2,107 +2,20 @@
 
 {
   "opponent": "tz1gjaF81ZRRvdzjobyfVNsAeSC6PScjfQwN",
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-  "end_tick": "990000000000",
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+  "end_tick": "429000000000",
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 }
@@ -111,106 +24,106 @@
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   "start_tick": "396000000000",
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 }
@@ -219,106 +132,106 @@
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 }
@@ -327,106 +240,106 @@
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   ]
 }
@@ -434,41 +347,14 @@
 
 {
   "opponent": "tz1gjaF81ZRRvdzjobyfVNsAeSC6PScjfQwN",
-  "start_tick": "396000000000",
-  "end_tick": "396000000010",
+  "start_tick": "396000000008",
+  "end_tick": "396000000009",
   "dissection": [
-    {
-      "tick": "396000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "396000000001"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "396000000002"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "396000000003"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "396000000004"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "396000000005"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "396000000006"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "396000000007"
-    },
     {
       "tick": "396000000008"
     },
     {
       "tick": "396000000009"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "396000000010"
     }
   ]
 }
diff --git a/tezt/tests/expected/sc_rollup.ml/Mumbai- wasm_2_0_0 - refutation games winning strategies (inbox_proof_0).out b/tezt/tests/expected/sc_rollup.ml/Mumbai- wasm_2_0_0 - refutation games winning strategies (inbox_proof_0).out
index 5994a7d55da0e0c3b844570ab4959ae2e86f285d..5cf83e4cfa9a02f65deff0ca418ef25d4aeb9f79 100644
--- a/tezt/tests/expected/sc_rollup.ml/Mumbai- wasm_2_0_0 - refutation games winning strategies (inbox_proof_0).out	
+++ b/tezt/tests/expected/sc_rollup.ml/Mumbai- wasm_2_0_0 - refutation games winning strategies (inbox_proof_0).out	
@@ -3,106 +3,16 @@
 {
   "opponent": "tz1gjaF81ZRRvdzjobyfVNsAeSC6PScjfQwN",
   "start_tick": "0",
-  "end_tick": "990000000000",
+  "end_tick": "22000000000",
   "dissection": [
     {
       "tick": "0"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "22000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "44000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "66000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "88000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "110000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "132000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "165000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "198000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "231000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "264000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "297000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "330000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "363000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "396000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "429000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "462000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "495000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "528000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "561000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "594000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "627000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "660000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "693000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "726000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "759000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "792000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "825000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "858000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "891000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "924000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "957000000000"
+      "tick": "11000000000"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "990000000000"
+      "tick": "22000000000"
     }
   ]
 }
@@ -111,106 +21,106 @@
 {
   "opponent": "tz1gjaF81ZRRvdzjobyfVNsAeSC6PScjfQwN",
   "start_tick": "0",
-  "end_tick": "11000000000",
+  "end_tick": "343750000",
   "dissection": [
     {
       "tick": "0"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "343750000"
+      "tick": "10742187"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "687500000"
+      "tick": "21484374"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "1031250000"
+      "tick": "32226561"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "1375000000"
+      "tick": "42968748"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "1718750000"
+      "tick": "53710935"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "2062500000"
+      "tick": "64453122"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "2406250000"
+      "tick": "75195309"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "2750000000"
+      "tick": "85937496"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "3093750000"
+      "tick": "96679683"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "3437500000"
+      "tick": "107421870"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "3781250000"
+      "tick": "118164057"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "4125000000"
+      "tick": "128906244"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "4468750000"
+      "tick": "139648431"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "4812500000"
+      "tick": "150390618"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "5156250000"
+      "tick": "161132805"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "5500000000"
+      "tick": "171874992"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "5843750000"
+      "tick": "182617179"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "6187500000"
+      "tick": "193359366"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "6531250000"
+      "tick": "204101553"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "6875000000"
+      "tick": "214843740"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "7218750000"
+      "tick": "225585927"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "7562500000"
+      "tick": "236328114"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "7906250000"
+      "tick": "247070301"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "8250000000"
+      "tick": "257812488"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "8593750000"
+      "tick": "268554675"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "8937500000"
+      "tick": "279296862"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "9281250000"
+      "tick": "290039049"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "9625000000"
+      "tick": "300781236"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "9968750000"
+      "tick": "311523423"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "10312500000"
+      "tick": "322265610"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "10656250000"
+      "tick": "333007797"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "11000000000"
+      "tick": "343750000"
     }
   ]
 }
@@ -219,106 +129,106 @@
 {
   "opponent": "tz1gjaF81ZRRvdzjobyfVNsAeSC6PScjfQwN",
   "start_tick": "0",
-  "end_tick": "10742187",
+  "end_tick": "335693",
   "dissection": [
     {
       "tick": "0"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "335693"
+      "tick": "10490"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "671386"
+      "tick": "20980"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "1007079"
+      "tick": "31470"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "1342772"
+      "tick": "41960"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "1678465"
+      "tick": "52450"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "2014158"
+      "tick": "62940"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "2349851"
+      "tick": "73430"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "2685544"
+      "tick": "83920"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "3021237"
+      "tick": "94410"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "3356930"
+      "tick": "104900"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "3692623"
+      "tick": "115390"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "4028316"
+      "tick": "125880"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "4364009"
+      "tick": "136370"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "4699702"
+      "tick": "146860"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "5035395"
+      "tick": "157350"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "5371088"
+      "tick": "167840"
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     {
-      "tick": "5706781"
+      "tick": "178330"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "6042474"
+      "tick": "188820"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "6378167"
+      "tick": "199310"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "6713860"
+      "tick": "209800"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "7049553"
+      "tick": "220290"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "7385246"
+      "tick": "230780"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "7720939"
+      "tick": "241270"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "8056632"
+      "tick": "251760"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "8392325"
+      "tick": "262250"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "8728018"
+      "tick": "272740"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "9063711"
+      "tick": "283230"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "9399404"
+      "tick": "293720"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "9735097"
+      "tick": "304210"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "10070790"
+      "tick": "314700"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "10406483"
+      "tick": "325190"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "10742187"
+      "tick": "335693"
     }
   ]
 }
@@ -327,106 +237,106 @@
 {
   "opponent": "tz1gjaF81ZRRvdzjobyfVNsAeSC6PScjfQwN",
   "start_tick": "0",
-  "end_tick": "10490",
+  "end_tick": "327",
   "dissection": [
     {
       "tick": "0"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "327"
+      "tick": "10"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "654"
+      "tick": "20"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "981"
+      "tick": "30"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "1308"
+      "tick": "40"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "1635"
+      "tick": "50"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "1962"
+      "tick": "60"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "2289"
+      "tick": "70"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "2616"
+      "tick": "80"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "2943"
+      "tick": "90"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "3270"
+      "tick": "100"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "3597"
+      "tick": "110"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "3924"
+      "tick": "120"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "4251"
+      "tick": "130"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "4578"
+      "tick": "140"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "4905"
+      "tick": "150"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "5232"
+      "tick": "160"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "5559"
+      "tick": "170"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "5886"
+      "tick": "180"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "6213"
+      "tick": "190"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "6540"
+      "tick": "200"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "6867"
+      "tick": "210"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "7194"
+      "tick": "220"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "7521"
+      "tick": "230"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "7848"
+      "tick": "240"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "8175"
+      "tick": "250"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "8502"
+      "tick": "260"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "8829"
+      "tick": "270"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "9156"
+      "tick": "280"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "9483"
+      "tick": "290"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "9810"
+      "tick": "300"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "10137"
+      "tick": "310"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "10490"
+      "tick": "327"
     }
   ]
 }
@@ -435,40 +345,13 @@
 {
   "opponent": "tz1gjaF81ZRRvdzjobyfVNsAeSC6PScjfQwN",
   "start_tick": "0",
-  "end_tick": "10",
+  "end_tick": "1",
   "dissection": [
     {
       "tick": "0"
     },
     {
       "tick": "1"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "2"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "3"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "4"
-    },
-    {
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-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "6"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "7"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "8"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "9"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "10"
     }
   ]
 }
diff --git a/tezt/tests/expected/sc_rollup.ml/Mumbai- wasm_2_0_0 - refutation games winning strategies (inbox_proof_1).out b/tezt/tests/expected/sc_rollup.ml/Mumbai- wasm_2_0_0 - refutation games winning strategies (inbox_proof_1).out
index 5994a7d55da0e0c3b844570ab4959ae2e86f285d..c62802d88db72c4e936cf3d74bcf702bc98eda51 100644
--- a/tezt/tests/expected/sc_rollup.ml/Mumbai- wasm_2_0_0 - refutation games winning strategies (inbox_proof_1).out	
+++ b/tezt/tests/expected/sc_rollup.ml/Mumbai- wasm_2_0_0 - refutation games winning strategies (inbox_proof_1).out	
@@ -3,106 +3,16 @@
 {
   "opponent": "tz1gjaF81ZRRvdzjobyfVNsAeSC6PScjfQwN",
   "start_tick": "0",
-  "end_tick": "990000000000",
+  "end_tick": "22000000000",
   "dissection": [
     {
       "tick": "0"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "22000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "44000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "66000000000"
-    },
-    {
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-    {
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-    },
-    {
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-    },
-    {
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-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "198000000000"
-    },
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-    },
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-    },
-    {
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-    },
-    {
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-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "363000000000"
-    },
-    {
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-    },
-    {
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-    },
-    {
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-    },
-    {
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-    },
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-    },
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-    },
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-    },
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-    },
-    {
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-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "693000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "726000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "759000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "792000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "825000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "858000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "891000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "924000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "957000000000"
+      "tick": "11000000000"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "990000000000"
+      "tick": "22000000000"
     }
   ]
 }
@@ -111,106 +21,106 @@
 {
   "opponent": "tz1gjaF81ZRRvdzjobyfVNsAeSC6PScjfQwN",
   "start_tick": "0",
-  "end_tick": "11000000000",
+  "end_tick": "343750000",
   "dissection": [
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     {
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+      "tick": "10742187"
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+      "tick": "75195309"
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+      "tick": "85937496"
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     {
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+      "tick": "96679683"
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     },
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+      "tick": "118164057"
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+      "tick": "128906244"
     },
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+      "tick": "150390618"
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+      "tick": "161132805"
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+      "tick": "193359366"
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+      "tick": "236328114"
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+      "tick": "247070301"
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+      "tick": "257812488"
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     {
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+      "tick": "268554675"
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+      "tick": "279296862"
     },
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+      "tick": "290039049"
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     {
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+      "tick": "322265610"
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     {
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+      "tick": "333007797"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "11000000000"
+      "tick": "343750000"
     }
   ]
 }
@@ -219,106 +129,106 @@
 {
   "opponent": "tz1gjaF81ZRRvdzjobyfVNsAeSC6PScjfQwN",
   "start_tick": "0",
-  "end_tick": "10742187",
+  "end_tick": "335693",
   "dissection": [
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+      "tick": "10490"
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+      "tick": "136370"
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 }
@@ -327,106 +237,106 @@
 {
   "opponent": "tz1gjaF81ZRRvdzjobyfVNsAeSC6PScjfQwN",
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 }
@@ -434,41 +344,14 @@
 
 {
   "opponent": "tz1gjaF81ZRRvdzjobyfVNsAeSC6PScjfQwN",
-  "start_tick": "0",
-  "end_tick": "10",
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+  "end_tick": "5",
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   ]
 }
diff --git a/tezt/tests/expected/sc_rollup.ml/Mumbai- wasm_2_0_0 - refutation games winning strategies (pvm_proof_0).out b/tezt/tests/expected/sc_rollup.ml/Mumbai- wasm_2_0_0 - refutation games winning strategies (pvm_proof_0).out
index a55a3d1ac3d2457d88fa5b215427df68e85e53f5..97cf7e39daabb7b7266c2eb92fb0c8822f5aacf1 100644
--- a/tezt/tests/expected/sc_rollup.ml/Mumbai- wasm_2_0_0 - refutation games winning strategies (pvm_proof_0).out	
+++ b/tezt/tests/expected/sc_rollup.ml/Mumbai- wasm_2_0_0 - refutation games winning strategies (pvm_proof_0).out	
@@ -2,107 +2,20 @@
 
 {
   "opponent": "tz1gjaF81ZRRvdzjobyfVNsAeSC6PScjfQwN",
-  "start_tick": "0",
-  "end_tick": "990000000000",
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     {
-      "tick": "990000000000"
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 }
@@ -111,106 +24,106 @@
 {
   "opponent": "tz1gjaF81ZRRvdzjobyfVNsAeSC6PScjfQwN",
   "start_tick": "198000000000",
-  "end_tick": "209000000000",
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 }
@@ -219,106 +132,106 @@
 {
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 }
@@ -327,106 +240,106 @@
 {
   "opponent": "tz1gjaF81ZRRvdzjobyfVNsAeSC6PScjfQwN",
   "start_tick": "198000000000",
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   "dissection": [
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 }
@@ -434,41 +347,14 @@
 
 {
   "opponent": "tz1gjaF81ZRRvdzjobyfVNsAeSC6PScjfQwN",
-  "start_tick": "198000000000",
-  "end_tick": "198000000010",
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+  "end_tick": "198000000009",
   "dissection": [
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     {
       "tick": "198000000009"
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-    {
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     }
   ]
 }
diff --git a/tezt/tests/expected/sc_rollup.ml/Mumbai- wasm_2_0_0 - refutation games winning strategies (pvm_proof_1).out b/tezt/tests/expected/sc_rollup.ml/Mumbai- wasm_2_0_0 - refutation games winning strategies (pvm_proof_1).out
index 697c6fab249d2a626c604d0fb0ad59fbdf0e2132..29b87b472190195e8e86f14bc3f12e1f0c9fa547 100644
--- a/tezt/tests/expected/sc_rollup.ml/Mumbai- wasm_2_0_0 - refutation games winning strategies (pvm_proof_1).out	
+++ b/tezt/tests/expected/sc_rollup.ml/Mumbai- wasm_2_0_0 - refutation games winning strategies (pvm_proof_1).out	
@@ -2,107 +2,20 @@
 
 {
   "opponent": "tz1gjaF81ZRRvdzjobyfVNsAeSC6PScjfQwN",
-  "start_tick": "0",
-  "end_tick": "990000000000",
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+  "end_tick": "429000000000",
   "dissection": [
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 }
@@ -111,106 +24,106 @@
 {
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-      "tick": "407000000000"
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 }
@@ -219,106 +132,106 @@
 {
   "opponent": "tz1gjaF81ZRRvdzjobyfVNsAeSC6PScjfQwN",
   "start_tick": "396000000000",
-  "end_tick": "396010742187",
+  "end_tick": "396000335693",
   "dissection": [
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       "tick": "396000000000"
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 }
@@ -327,106 +240,106 @@
 {
   "opponent": "tz1gjaF81ZRRvdzjobyfVNsAeSC6PScjfQwN",
   "start_tick": "396000000000",
-  "end_tick": "396000010490",
+  "end_tick": "396000000327",
   "dissection": [
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       "tick": "396000000000"
     },
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-      "tick": "396000000327"
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 }
@@ -434,41 +347,14 @@
 
 {
   "opponent": "tz1gjaF81ZRRvdzjobyfVNsAeSC6PScjfQwN",
-  "start_tick": "396000000000",
-  "end_tick": "396000000010",
+  "start_tick": "396000000008",
+  "end_tick": "396000000009",
   "dissection": [
-    {
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-      "tick": "396000000001"
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     {
       "tick": "396000000009"
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   ]
 }
diff --git a/tezt/tests/expected/sc_rollup.ml/Mumbai- wasm_2_0_0 - refutation games winning strategies (pvm_proof_2).out b/tezt/tests/expected/sc_rollup.ml/Mumbai- wasm_2_0_0 - refutation games winning strategies (pvm_proof_2).out
index 697c6fab249d2a626c604d0fb0ad59fbdf0e2132..29b87b472190195e8e86f14bc3f12e1f0c9fa547 100644
--- a/tezt/tests/expected/sc_rollup.ml/Mumbai- wasm_2_0_0 - refutation games winning strategies (pvm_proof_2).out	
+++ b/tezt/tests/expected/sc_rollup.ml/Mumbai- wasm_2_0_0 - refutation games winning strategies (pvm_proof_2).out	
@@ -2,107 +2,20 @@
 
 {
   "opponent": "tz1gjaF81ZRRvdzjobyfVNsAeSC6PScjfQwN",
-  "start_tick": "0",
-  "end_tick": "990000000000",
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+  "end_tick": "429000000000",
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 }
@@ -111,106 +24,106 @@
 {
   "opponent": "tz1gjaF81ZRRvdzjobyfVNsAeSC6PScjfQwN",
   "start_tick": "396000000000",
-  "end_tick": "407000000000",
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       "tick": "396000000000"
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 }
@@ -219,106 +132,106 @@
 {
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   "start_tick": "396000000000",
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 }
@@ -327,106 +240,106 @@
 {
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   "start_tick": "396000000000",
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     {
-      "tick": "396000006540"
+      "tick": "396000000200"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396000006867"
+      "tick": "396000000210"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396000007194"
+      "tick": "396000000220"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396000007521"
+      "tick": "396000000230"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396000007848"
+      "tick": "396000000240"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396000008175"
+      "tick": "396000000250"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396000008502"
+      "tick": "396000000260"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396000008829"
+      "tick": "396000000270"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396000009156"
+      "tick": "396000000280"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396000009483"
+      "tick": "396000000290"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396000009810"
+      "tick": "396000000300"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396000010137"
+      "tick": "396000000310"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396000010490"
+      "tick": "396000000327"
     }
   ]
 }
@@ -434,41 +347,14 @@
 
 {
   "opponent": "tz1gjaF81ZRRvdzjobyfVNsAeSC6PScjfQwN",
-  "start_tick": "396000000000",
-  "end_tick": "396000000010",
+  "start_tick": "396000000008",
+  "end_tick": "396000000009",
   "dissection": [
-    {
-      "tick": "396000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "396000000001"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "396000000002"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "396000000003"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "396000000004"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "396000000005"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "396000000006"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "396000000007"
-    },
     {
       "tick": "396000000008"
     },
     {
       "tick": "396000000009"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "396000000010"
     }
   ]
 }
diff --git a/tezt/tests/expected/sc_rollup.ml/Mumbai- wasm_2_0_0 - refutation games winning strategies (pvm_proof_3).out b/tezt/tests/expected/sc_rollup.ml/Mumbai- wasm_2_0_0 - refutation games winning strategies (pvm_proof_3).out
index 697c6fab249d2a626c604d0fb0ad59fbdf0e2132..29b87b472190195e8e86f14bc3f12e1f0c9fa547 100644
--- a/tezt/tests/expected/sc_rollup.ml/Mumbai- wasm_2_0_0 - refutation games winning strategies (pvm_proof_3).out	
+++ b/tezt/tests/expected/sc_rollup.ml/Mumbai- wasm_2_0_0 - refutation games winning strategies (pvm_proof_3).out	
@@ -2,107 +2,20 @@
 
 {
   "opponent": "tz1gjaF81ZRRvdzjobyfVNsAeSC6PScjfQwN",
-  "start_tick": "0",
-  "end_tick": "990000000000",
+  "start_tick": "396000000000",
+  "end_tick": "429000000000",
   "dissection": [
-    {
-      "tick": "0"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "22000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "44000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "66000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "88000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "110000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "132000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "165000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "198000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "231000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "264000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "297000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "330000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "363000000000"
-    },
     {
       "tick": "396000000000"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "429000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "462000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "495000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "528000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "561000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "594000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "627000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "660000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "693000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "726000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "759000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "792000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "825000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "858000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "891000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "924000000000"
+      "tick": "407000000000"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "957000000000"
+      "tick": "418000000000"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "990000000000"
+      "tick": "429000000000"
     }
   ]
 }
@@ -111,106 +24,106 @@
 {
   "opponent": "tz1gjaF81ZRRvdzjobyfVNsAeSC6PScjfQwN",
   "start_tick": "396000000000",
-  "end_tick": "407000000000",
+  "end_tick": "396343750000",
   "dissection": [
     {
       "tick": "396000000000"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396343750000"
+      "tick": "396010742187"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396687500000"
+      "tick": "396021484374"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "397031250000"
+      "tick": "396032226561"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "397375000000"
+      "tick": "396042968748"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "397718750000"
+      "tick": "396053710935"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "398062500000"
+      "tick": "396064453122"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "398406250000"
+      "tick": "396075195309"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "398750000000"
+      "tick": "396085937496"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "399093750000"
+      "tick": "396096679683"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "399437500000"
+      "tick": "396107421870"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "399781250000"
+      "tick": "396118164057"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "400125000000"
+      "tick": "396128906244"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "400468750000"
+      "tick": "396139648431"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "400812500000"
+      "tick": "396150390618"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "401156250000"
+      "tick": "396161132805"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "401500000000"
+      "tick": "396171874992"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "401843750000"
+      "tick": "396182617179"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "402187500000"
+      "tick": "396193359366"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "402531250000"
+      "tick": "396204101553"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "402875000000"
+      "tick": "396214843740"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "403218750000"
+      "tick": "396225585927"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "403562500000"
+      "tick": "396236328114"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "403906250000"
+      "tick": "396247070301"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "404250000000"
+      "tick": "396257812488"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "404593750000"
+      "tick": "396268554675"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "404937500000"
+      "tick": "396279296862"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "405281250000"
+      "tick": "396290039049"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "405625000000"
+      "tick": "396300781236"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "405968750000"
+      "tick": "396311523423"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "406312500000"
+      "tick": "396322265610"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "406656250000"
+      "tick": "396333007797"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "407000000000"
+      "tick": "396343750000"
     }
   ]
 }
@@ -219,106 +132,106 @@
 {
   "opponent": "tz1gjaF81ZRRvdzjobyfVNsAeSC6PScjfQwN",
   "start_tick": "396000000000",
-  "end_tick": "396010742187",
+  "end_tick": "396000335693",
   "dissection": [
     {
       "tick": "396000000000"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396000335693"
+      "tick": "396000010490"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396000671386"
+      "tick": "396000020980"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396001007079"
+      "tick": "396000031470"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396001342772"
+      "tick": "396000041960"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396001678465"
+      "tick": "396000052450"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396002014158"
+      "tick": "396000062940"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396002349851"
+      "tick": "396000073430"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396002685544"
+      "tick": "396000083920"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396003021237"
+      "tick": "396000094410"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396003356930"
+      "tick": "396000104900"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396003692623"
+      "tick": "396000115390"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396004028316"
+      "tick": "396000125880"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396004364009"
+      "tick": "396000136370"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396004699702"
+      "tick": "396000146860"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396005035395"
+      "tick": "396000157350"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396005371088"
+      "tick": "396000167840"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396005706781"
+      "tick": "396000178330"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396006042474"
+      "tick": "396000188820"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396006378167"
+      "tick": "396000199310"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396006713860"
+      "tick": "396000209800"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396007049553"
+      "tick": "396000220290"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396007385246"
+      "tick": "396000230780"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396007720939"
+      "tick": "396000241270"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396008056632"
+      "tick": "396000251760"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396008392325"
+      "tick": "396000262250"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396008728018"
+      "tick": "396000272740"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396009063711"
+      "tick": "396000283230"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396009399404"
+      "tick": "396000293720"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396009735097"
+      "tick": "396000304210"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396010070790"
+      "tick": "396000314700"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396010406483"
+      "tick": "396000325190"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396010742187"
+      "tick": "396000335693"
     }
   ]
 }
@@ -327,106 +240,106 @@
 {
   "opponent": "tz1gjaF81ZRRvdzjobyfVNsAeSC6PScjfQwN",
   "start_tick": "396000000000",
-  "end_tick": "396000010490",
+  "end_tick": "396000000327",
   "dissection": [
     {
       "tick": "396000000000"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396000000327"
+      "tick": "396000000010"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396000000654"
+      "tick": "396000000020"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396000000981"
+      "tick": "396000000030"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396000001308"
+      "tick": "396000000040"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396000001635"
+      "tick": "396000000050"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396000001962"
+      "tick": "396000000060"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396000002289"
+      "tick": "396000000070"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396000002616"
+      "tick": "396000000080"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396000002943"
+      "tick": "396000000090"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396000003270"
+      "tick": "396000000100"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396000003597"
+      "tick": "396000000110"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396000003924"
+      "tick": "396000000120"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396000004251"
+      "tick": "396000000130"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396000004578"
+      "tick": "396000000140"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396000004905"
+      "tick": "396000000150"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396000005232"
+      "tick": "396000000160"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396000005559"
+      "tick": "396000000170"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396000005886"
+      "tick": "396000000180"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396000006213"
+      "tick": "396000000190"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396000006540"
+      "tick": "396000000200"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396000006867"
+      "tick": "396000000210"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396000007194"
+      "tick": "396000000220"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396000007521"
+      "tick": "396000000230"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396000007848"
+      "tick": "396000000240"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396000008175"
+      "tick": "396000000250"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396000008502"
+      "tick": "396000000260"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396000008829"
+      "tick": "396000000270"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396000009156"
+      "tick": "396000000280"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396000009483"
+      "tick": "396000000290"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396000009810"
+      "tick": "396000000300"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396000010137"
+      "tick": "396000000310"
     },
     {
-      "tick": "396000010490"
+      "tick": "396000000327"
     }
   ]
 }
@@ -434,41 +347,14 @@
 
 {
   "opponent": "tz1gjaF81ZRRvdzjobyfVNsAeSC6PScjfQwN",
-  "start_tick": "396000000000",
-  "end_tick": "396000000010",
+  "start_tick": "396000000008",
+  "end_tick": "396000000009",
   "dissection": [
-    {
-      "tick": "396000000000"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "396000000001"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "396000000002"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "396000000003"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "396000000004"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "396000000005"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "396000000006"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "396000000007"
-    },
     {
       "tick": "396000000008"
     },
     {
       "tick": "396000000009"
-    },
-    {
-      "tick": "396000000010"
     }
   ]
 }
diff --git a/tezt/tests/expected/tx_sc_rollup.ml/Alpha- wasm_2_0_0 - tx kernel should run e2e (kernel_e2e).out b/tezt/tests/expected/tx_sc_rollup.ml/Alpha- wasm_2_0_0 - tx kernel should run e2e (kernel_e2e).out
index 56aaeaac96e45be7d857eb61adf867fbc52f9fca..c63b7d22b6d546263fea265bf5a350ae3d21caa6 100644
--- a/tezt/tests/expected/tx_sc_rollup.ml/Alpha- wasm_2_0_0 - tx kernel should run e2e (kernel_e2e).out	
+++ b/tezt/tests/expected/tx_sc_rollup.ml/Alpha- wasm_2_0_0 - tx kernel should run e2e (kernel_e2e).out	
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ This sequence of operations was run:
   Manager signed operations:
     From: [PUBLIC_KEY_HASH]
     Fee to the baker: ꜩ0.00229
-    Expected counter: 14
+    Expected counter: 15
     Gas limit: 9512
     Storage limit: 250 bytes
     Balance updates:
diff --git a/tezt/tests/sc_rollup.ml b/tezt/tests/sc_rollup.ml
index c3462c5608c3935aae76e068111afa00f1d30386..3bb8fd22d6a416a2796cf3f9aa129ceddc037fb1 100644
--- a/tezt/tests/sc_rollup.ml
+++ b/tezt/tests/sc_rollup.ml
@@ -720,6 +720,23 @@ let get_inbox_from_sc_rollup_node sc_rollup_node =
   let* inbox = sc_rollup_node_rpc sc_rollup_node "global/block/head/inbox" in
   parse_inbox inbox
 
+(** Configure the rollup node to pay more fees for its refute operations. *)
+let prioritize_refute_operations sc_rollup_node =
+  Log.info
+    "Prioritize refutation operations for rollup node %s"
+    (Sc_rollup_node.name sc_rollup_node) ;
+  Sc_rollup_node.Config_file.update sc_rollup_node @@ fun config ->
+  let open JSON in
+  update
+    "fee-parameters"
+    (update "refute"
+    @@ put
+         ( "minimal-nanotez-per-gas-unit",
+           JSON.annotate
+             ~origin:"higher-priority"
+             (`A [`String "200"; `String "1"]) ))
+    config
+
 (* Synchronizing the inbox in the rollup node
    ------------------------------------------
 
@@ -878,10 +895,49 @@ let bake_levels ?hook n client =
   let* () = match hook with None -> unit | Some hook -> hook i in
   Client.bake_for_and_wait client
 
+(** Bake [at_least] levels.
+    Then continues baking until the rollup node updates the lpc,
+    waiting for the rollup node to catch up to the client's level.
+    Returns the level at which the lpc was updated. *)
+let bake_until_lpc_updated ?hook ?(at_least = 0) ~timeout client sc_rollup_node
+    =
+  let event_level = ref None in
+  let _ =
+    let* lvl =
+      Sc_rollup_node.wait_for sc_rollup_node "sc_rollup_node_lpc_updated.v0"
+      @@ fun json -> JSON.(json |-> "level" |> as_int_opt)
+    in
+    event_level := Some lvl ;
+    unit
+  in
+  let rec bake_loop i =
+    let* () = match hook with None -> unit | Some hook -> hook i in
+    let* () = Client.bake_for_and_wait client in
+    match !event_level with
+    | Some level -> return level
+    | None -> bake_loop (i + 1)
+  in
+  let* () = bake_levels ?hook at_least client in
+  let* updated_level =
+    Lwt.catch
+      (fun () -> Lwt.pick [Lwt_unix.timeout timeout; bake_loop 0])
+      (function
+        | Lwt_unix.Timeout ->
+            Test.fail
+              "Timeout of %f seconds reached when waiting for LPC to be updated"
+              timeout
+        | e -> raise e)
+  in
+  (* Let the sc rollup node catch up *)
+  let* _ = Sc_rollup_node.wait_sync sc_rollup_node ~timeout:3. in
+  return updated_level
+
 (* Rollup node batcher *)
 let sc_rollup_node_batcher sc_rollup_node sc_rollup_client sc_rollup node client
     =
-  let* () = Sc_rollup_node.run sc_rollup_node sc_rollup [] in
+  let* () =
+    Sc_rollup_node.run ~event_level:`Debug sc_rollup_node sc_rollup []
+  in
   Log.info "Sending one message to the batcher" ;
   let msg1 = "3 3 + out" in
   let*! hashes = Sc_rollup_client.inject sc_rollup_client [msg1] in
@@ -983,15 +1039,11 @@ let sc_rollup_node_batcher sc_rollup_node sc_rollup_client sc_rollup node client
   in
   let levels =
     levels_to_commitment + init_level - Node.get_level node
-    + block_finality_time + 1
+    + block_finality_time
   in
   Log.info "Baking %d blocks for commitment of first message" levels ;
-  let* () = bake_levels levels client in
   let* _ =
-    Sc_rollup_node.wait_for_level
-      ~timeout:3.
-      sc_rollup_node
-      (Node.get_level node)
+    bake_until_lpc_updated ~at_least:levels ~timeout:5. client sc_rollup_node
   in
   let*! _msg1, status_msg1 =
     Sc_rollup_client.get_batcher_msg sc_rollup_client msg1_hash
@@ -1308,6 +1360,11 @@ let test_commitment_scenario ?commitment_period ?challenge_window
       description = "rollup node - correct handling of commitments";
     }
 
+let bake_levels ?hook n client =
+  fold n () @@ fun i () ->
+  let* () = match hook with None -> unit | Some hook -> hook i in
+  Client.bake_for_and_wait client
+
 let commitment_stored _protocol sc_rollup_node sc_rollup_client sc_rollup _node
     client =
   (* The rollup is originated at level `init_level`, and it requires
@@ -1329,10 +1386,9 @@ let commitment_stored _protocol sc_rollup_node sc_rollup_client sc_rollup _node
   let* levels_to_commitment =
     get_sc_rollup_commitment_period_in_blocks client
   in
-  let store_commitment_level =
-    init_level + levels_to_commitment + block_finality_time
+  let* () =
+    Sc_rollup_node.run ~event_level:`Debug sc_rollup_node sc_rollup []
   in
-  let* () = Sc_rollup_node.run sc_rollup_node sc_rollup [] in
   let* level =
     Sc_rollup_node.wait_for_level ~timeout:3. sc_rollup_node init_level
   in
@@ -1356,12 +1412,6 @@ let commitment_stored _protocol sc_rollup_node sc_rollup_client sc_rollup _node
      [init_level + sc_rollup_commitment_period_in_blocks] is
      processed by the rollup node as finalized. *)
   let* () = bake_levels block_finality_time client in
-  let* _ =
-    Sc_rollup_node.wait_for_level
-      ~timeout:3.
-      sc_rollup_node
-      store_commitment_level
-  in
   let* {
          commitment = {inbox_level = stored_inbox_level; _} as stored_commitment;
          hash = _;
@@ -1372,8 +1422,7 @@ let commitment_stored _protocol sc_rollup_node sc_rollup_client sc_rollup _node
     Check.int
     ~error_msg:
       "Commitment has been stored at a level different than expected (%L = %R)" ;
-  (* Bake one level for commitment to be included *)
-  let* () = Client.bake_for_and_wait client in
+  let* _level = bake_until_lpc_updated ~timeout:5. client sc_rollup_node in
   let*! published_commitment =
     Sc_rollup_client.last_published_commitment ~hooks sc_rollup_client
   in
@@ -1517,7 +1566,7 @@ let commitment_not_published_if_non_final _protocol sc_rollup_node
   unit
 
 let commitments_messages_reset kind _protocol sc_rollup_node sc_rollup_client
-    sc_rollup node client =
+    sc_rollup _node client =
   (* For `sc_rollup_commitment_period_in_blocks` levels after the sc rollup
      origination, i messages are sent to the rollup, for a total of
      `sc_rollup_commitment_period_in_blocks *
@@ -1539,7 +1588,9 @@ let commitments_messages_reset kind _protocol sc_rollup_node sc_rollup_client
   let* levels_to_commitment =
     get_sc_rollup_commitment_period_in_blocks client
   in
-  let* () = Sc_rollup_node.run sc_rollup_node sc_rollup [] in
+  let* () =
+    Sc_rollup_node.run ~event_level:`Debug sc_rollup_node sc_rollup []
+  in
   let* level =
     Sc_rollup_node.wait_for_level ~timeout:3. sc_rollup_node init_level
   in
@@ -1561,12 +1612,6 @@ let commitments_messages_reset kind _protocol sc_rollup_node sc_rollup_client
      rollup node.
   *)
   let* () = bake_levels (levels_to_commitment + block_finality_time) client in
-  let* _ =
-    Sc_rollup_node.wait_for_level
-      ~timeout:3.
-      sc_rollup_node
-      (init_level + (2 * levels_to_commitment) + block_finality_time)
-  in
   let* {
          commitment =
            {
@@ -1599,8 +1644,7 @@ let commitments_messages_reset kind _protocol sc_rollup_node sc_rollup_client
      ~error_msg:
        "Number of ticks processed by commitment is different from the number \
         of ticks expected (%L = %R)") ;
-  let* () = Client.bake_for_and_wait client in
-  let* _ = Sc_rollup_node.wait_for_level sc_rollup_node (Node.get_level node) in
+  let* _level = bake_until_lpc_updated ~timeout:5. client sc_rollup_node in
   let*! published_commitment =
     Sc_rollup_client.last_published_commitment ~hooks sc_rollup_client
   in
@@ -1729,7 +1773,9 @@ let commitments_reorgs ~switch_l1_node ~kind _protocol sc_rollup_node
   and* () = Client.Admin.trust_address client' ~peer:node in
   let* () = Client.Admin.connect_address client ~peer:node' in
 
-  let* () = Sc_rollup_node.run sc_rollup_node sc_rollup [] in
+  let* () =
+    Sc_rollup_node.run sc_rollup_node ~event_level:`Debug sc_rollup []
+  in
   (* We bake `sc_rollup_commitment_period_in_blocks - 1` levels, which
      should cause both nodes to observe level
      `sc_rollup_commitment_period_in_blocks + init_level - 1 . *)
@@ -1778,18 +1824,22 @@ let commitments_reorgs ~switch_l1_node ~kind _protocol sc_rollup_node
   in
 
   let* () = divergence () in
-  let* client, node =
+  let* client =
     if switch_l1_node then (
       (* Switch the L1 node of a rollup node so that reverted blocks are not *)
       (* available in the new L1 node. *)
       Log.info "Changing L1 node for rollup node" ;
       let* () =
-        Sc_rollup_node.change_node_and_restart sc_rollup_node sc_rollup node'
+        Sc_rollup_node.change_node_and_restart
+          ~event_level:`Debug
+          sc_rollup_node
+          sc_rollup
+          node'
       in
-      return (client', node'))
+      return client')
     else
       let* () = trigger_reorg () in
-      return (client, node)
+      return client
   in
   (* After triggering a reorganisation the node should see that there is a more
      attractive head at level `init_level +
@@ -1845,8 +1895,7 @@ let commitments_reorgs ~switch_l1_node ~kind _protocol sc_rollup_node
      ~error_msg:
        "Number of ticks processed by commitment is different from the number \
         of ticks expected (%L = %R)") ;
-  let* () = Client.bake_for_and_wait client in
-  let* _ = Sc_rollup_node.wait_for_level sc_rollup_node (Node.get_level node) in
+  let* _ = bake_until_lpc_updated ~timeout:5.0 client sc_rollup_node in
   let*! published_commitment =
     Sc_rollup_client.last_published_commitment ~hooks sc_rollup_client
   in
@@ -1925,7 +1974,9 @@ let commitment_before_lcc_not_published protocol sc_rollup_node sc_rollup_client
   in
   let init_level = JSON.(genesis_info |-> "level" |> as_int) in
 
-  let* () = Sc_rollup_node.run sc_rollup_node sc_rollup [] in
+  let* () =
+    Sc_rollup_node.run ~event_level:`Debug sc_rollup_node sc_rollup []
+  in
   let* level =
     Sc_rollup_node.wait_for_level ~timeout:3. sc_rollup_node init_level
   in
@@ -1939,16 +1990,7 @@ let commitment_before_lcc_not_published protocol sc_rollup_node sc_rollup_client
       sc_rollup_node
       (init_level + commitment_period)
   in
-  (* Bake `block_finality_time` additional level to ensure that block number
-     `init_level + sc_rollup_commitment_period_in_blocks` is processed by
-     the rollup node as finalized and one additional for commitment inclusion. *)
-  let* () = bake_levels (block_finality_time + 1) client in
-  let* _ =
-    Sc_rollup_node.wait_for_level
-      ~timeout:3.
-      sc_rollup_node
-      (Node.get_level node)
-  in
+  let* _level = bake_until_lpc_updated ~timeout:5. client sc_rollup_node in
   let* {commitment = _; hash = rollup_node1_stored_hash} =
     get_last_stored_commitment ~__LOC__ ~hooks sc_rollup_client
   in
@@ -2105,7 +2147,9 @@ let first_published_level_is_global protocol sc_rollup_node sc_rollup_client
   in
   let init_level = JSON.(genesis_info |-> "level" |> as_int) in
   let* commitment_period = get_sc_rollup_commitment_period_in_blocks client in
-  let* () = Sc_rollup_node.run sc_rollup_node sc_rollup [] in
+  let* () =
+    Sc_rollup_node.run ~event_level:`Debug sc_rollup_node sc_rollup []
+  in
   let* level =
     Sc_rollup_node.wait_for_level ~timeout:3. sc_rollup_node init_level
   in
@@ -2119,15 +2163,8 @@ let first_published_level_is_global protocol sc_rollup_node sc_rollup_client
       sc_rollup_node
       (init_level + commitment_period)
   in
-  (* Bake `block_finality_time` additional level to ensure that block number
-     `init_level + sc_rollup_commitment_period_in_blocks` is processed by
-     the rollup node as finalized. *)
-  let* () = bake_levels (block_finality_time + 1) client in
-  let* _commitment_finalized_level =
-    Sc_rollup_node.wait_for_level
-      ~timeout:3.
-      sc_rollup_node
-      (Node.get_level node)
+  let* commitment_publish_level =
+    bake_until_lpc_updated ~timeout:5. client sc_rollup_node
   in
   let* rollup_node1_published_commitment =
     get_last_published_commitment ~__LOC__ ~hooks sc_rollup_client
@@ -2138,7 +2175,6 @@ let first_published_level_is_global protocol sc_rollup_node sc_rollup_client
     Check.int
     ~error_msg:
       "Commitment has been published for a level %L different than expected %R" ;
-  let commitment_publish_level = Node.get_level node in
   Check.(
     commitment_info_first_published_at_level rollup_node1_published_commitment
     = Some commitment_publish_level)
@@ -2159,7 +2195,9 @@ let first_published_level_is_global protocol sc_rollup_node sc_rollup_client
       ~default_operator:bootstrap2_key
   in
   let sc_rollup_client' = Sc_rollup_client.create ~protocol sc_rollup_node' in
-  let* () = Sc_rollup_node.run sc_rollup_node' sc_rollup [] in
+  let* () =
+    Sc_rollup_node.run ~event_level:`Debug sc_rollup_node' sc_rollup []
+  in
 
   let* _ =
     Sc_rollup_node.wait_for_level
@@ -2177,11 +2215,7 @@ let first_published_level_is_global protocol sc_rollup_node sc_rollup_client
     = None)
     (Check.option Check.int)
     ~error_msg:"Rollup node 2 cannot publish commitment without any new block." ;
-  let* () = Client.bake_for_and_wait client in
-  let commitment_publish_level2 = Node.get_level node in
-  let* _ =
-    Sc_rollup_node.wait_for_level sc_rollup_node' commitment_publish_level2
-  in
+  let* _level = bake_until_lpc_updated ~timeout:5. client sc_rollup_node' in
   let* rollup_node2_published_commitment =
     get_last_published_commitment ~__LOC__ ~hooks sc_rollup_client'
   in
@@ -2675,7 +2709,8 @@ let test_refutation_scenario ?commitment_period ?challenge_window ~variant ~mode
       final_level,
       empty_levels,
       stop_loser_at,
-      reset_honest_on ) =
+      reset_honest_on,
+      (priority : [`Priority_honest | `Priority_loser | `No_priority]) ) =
   let regression =
     (* TODO: https://gitlab.com/tezos/tezos/-/issues/5313
        Disabled dissection regressions for parallel games, as it introduces
@@ -2760,6 +2795,10 @@ let test_refutation_scenario ?commitment_period ?challenge_window ~variant ~mode
       in
       gather_dissections ()
     in
+    (* Write configuration to be able to change it *)
+    let* _ = Sc_rollup_node.config_init sc_rollup_node sc_rollup_address in
+    if priority = `Priority_honest then
+      prioritize_refute_operations sc_rollup_node ;
     let* () =
       Sc_rollup_node.run ~event_level:`Debug sc_rollup_node sc_rollup_address []
     in
@@ -2787,6 +2826,14 @@ let test_refutation_scenario ?commitment_period ?challenge_window ~variant ~mode
   let* gather_promises = run_honest_node sc_rollup_node
   and* () =
     Lwt_list.iter_p (fun (loser_mode, loser_sc_rollup_node) ->
+        let* _ =
+          Sc_rollup_node.config_init
+            ~loser_mode
+            loser_sc_rollup_node
+            sc_rollup_address
+        in
+        if priority = `Priority_loser then
+          prioritize_refute_operations loser_sc_rollup_node ;
         Sc_rollup_node.run loser_sc_rollup_node ~loser_mode sc_rollup_address [])
     @@ List.combine loser_modes loser_sc_rollup_nodes
   in
@@ -2940,62 +2987,112 @@ let test_refutation protocols ~kind =
              message index of the failure, and the third integer is the
              index of the failing tick during the processing of this
              message. *)
-          ("inbox_proof_at_genesis", (["3 0 0"], inputs_for 10, 80, [], [], []));
-          ("pvm_proof_at_genesis", (["3 0 1"], inputs_for 10, 80, [], [], []));
-          ("inbox_proof", (["5 0 0"], inputs_for 10, 80, [], [], []));
+          ( "inbox_proof_at_genesis",
+            (["3 0 0"], inputs_for 10, 80, [], [], [], `Priority_honest) );
+          ( "pvm_proof_at_genesis",
+            (["3 0 1"], inputs_for 10, 80, [], [], [], `Priority_honest) );
+          ( "inbox_proof",
+            (["5 0 0"], inputs_for 10, 80, [], [], [], `Priority_honest) );
           ( "inbox_proof_with_new_content",
-            (["5 0 0"], inputs_for 30, 80, [], [], []) );
+            (["5 0 0"], inputs_for 30, 80, [], [], [], `Priority_honest) );
           (* In "inbox_proof_with_new_content" we add messages after the commitment
              period so the current inbox is not equal to the inbox snapshot-ted at the
              game creation. *)
           ( "inbox_proof_one_empty_level",
-            (["6 0 0"], inputs_for 10, 80, [2], [], []) );
+            (["6 0 0"], inputs_for 10, 80, [2], [], [], `Priority_honest) );
           ( "inbox_proof_many_empty_levels",
-            (["9 0 0"], inputs_for 10, 80, [2; 3; 4], [], []) );
-          ("pvm_proof_0", (["5 2 1"], inputs_for 10, 80, [], [], []));
-          ("pvm_proof_1", (["7 2 0"], inputs_for 10, 80, [], [], []));
-          ("pvm_proof_2", (["7 2 5"], inputs_for 7, 80, [], [], []));
-          ("pvm_proof_3", (["9 2 5"], inputs_for 7, 80, [4; 5], [], []));
-          ("timeout", (["5 2 1"], inputs_for 10, 80, [], [35], []));
+            (["9 0 0"], inputs_for 10, 80, [2; 3; 4], [], [], `Priority_honest)
+          );
+          ( "pvm_proof_0",
+            (["5 2 1"], inputs_for 10, 80, [], [], [], `Priority_honest) );
+          ( "pvm_proof_1",
+            (["7 2 0"], inputs_for 10, 80, [], [], [], `Priority_honest) );
+          ( "pvm_proof_2",
+            (["7 2 5"], inputs_for 7, 80, [], [], [], `Priority_honest) );
+          ( "pvm_proof_3",
+            (["9 2 5"], inputs_for 7, 80, [4; 5], [], [], `Priority_honest) );
+          ( "timeout",
+            (["5 2 1"], inputs_for 10, 80, [], [35], [], `Priority_honest) );
           ( "reset_honest_during_game",
             ( ["5 2 1"],
               inputs_for 10,
               80,
               [],
               [],
-              [("sc_rollup_node_conflict_detected.v0", 2)] ) );
+              [("sc_rollup_node_conflict_detected.v0", 2)],
+              `Priority_honest ) );
           ( "parallel_games_0",
-            (["3 0 0"; "3 0 1"], inputs_for 10, 80, [], [], []) );
+            (["3 0 0"; "3 0 1"], inputs_for 10, 80, [], [], [], `Priority_honest)
+          );
           ( "parallel_games_1",
-            (["3 0 0"; "3 0 1"; "3 0 0"], inputs_for 10, 200, [], [], []) );
+            ( ["3 0 0"; "3 0 1"; "3 0 0"],
+              inputs_for 10,
+              200,
+              [],
+              [],
+              [],
+              `Priority_honest ) );
         ]
     | "wasm_2_0_0" ->
         [
           (* First message of an inbox (level 3) *)
-          ("inbox_proof_0", (["3 0 0"], inputs_for 10, 80, [], [], []));
+          ( "inbox_proof_0",
+            (["3 0 0"], inputs_for 10, 80, [], [], [], `Priority_loser) );
           (* Fourth message of an inbox (level 3) *)
-          ("inbox_proof_1", (["3 4 0"], inputs_for 10, 80, [], [], []));
+          ( "inbox_proof_1",
+            (["3 4 0"], inputs_for 10, 80, [], [], [], `Priority_loser) );
           (* Echo kernel takes around 2,100 ticks to execute *)
           (* Second tick of decoding *)
           ( "pvm_proof_0",
-            (["5 7 11_000_000_001"], inputs_for 10, 80, [], [], []) );
+            ( ["5 7 11_000_000_001"],
+              inputs_for 10,
+              80,
+              [],
+              [],
+              [],
+              `Priority_loser ) );
           ( "pvm_proof_1",
-            (["7 7 11_000_001_000"], inputs_for 10, 80, [], [], []) );
+            ( ["7 7 11_000_001_000"],
+              inputs_for 10,
+              80,
+              [],
+              [],
+              [],
+              `Priority_loser ) );
           (* End of evaluation *)
           ( "pvm_proof_2",
-            (["7 7 22_000_002_000"], inputs_for 10, 80, [], [], []) );
+            ( ["7 7 22_000_002_000"],
+              inputs_for 10,
+              80,
+              [],
+              [],
+              [],
+              `Priority_loser ) );
           (* During padding *)
           ( "pvm_proof_3",
-            (["7 7 22_010_000_000"], inputs_for 10, 80, [], [], []) );
+            ( ["7 7 22_010_000_000"],
+              inputs_for 10,
+              80,
+              [],
+              [],
+              [],
+              `Priority_loser ) );
           ( "parallel_games_0",
-            (["4 0 0"; "5 7 11_000_000_001"], inputs_for 10, 80, [], [], []) );
+            ( ["4 0 0"; "5 7 11_000_000_001"],
+              inputs_for 10,
+              80,
+              [],
+              [],
+              [],
+              `Priority_loser ) );
           ( "parallel_games_1",
             ( ["4 0 0"; "7 7 22_000_002_000"; "7 7 22_000_002_000"],
               inputs_for 10,
               80,
               [],
               [],
-              [] ) );
+              [],
+              `Priority_loser ) );
         ]
     | _ -> assert false
   in
@@ -3019,7 +3116,7 @@ let test_accuser protocols =
     ~challenge_window:10
     ~commitment_period:10
     ~variant:"pvm_proof_2"
-    (["7 7 22_000_002_000"], inputs_for 10, 80, [], [], [])
+    (["7 7 22_000_002_000"], inputs_for 10, 80, [], [], [], `Priority_honest)
     protocols
 
 (** Helper to check that the operation whose hash is given is successfully
@@ -3760,9 +3857,9 @@ let test_outbox_message_generic ?supports ?regression ?expected_error
             client
     in
     let blocks_to_wait =
-      2 + (2 * commitment_period) + challenge_window - earliness
+      3 + (2 * commitment_period) + challenge_window - earliness
     in
-    repeat blocks_to_wait @@ fun () -> Client.bake_for client
+    repeat blocks_to_wait @@ fun () -> Client.bake_for_and_wait client
   in
   let trigger_outbox_message_execution ?expected_l1_error address =
     let outbox_level = 5 in
diff --git a/tezt/tests/tx_sc_rollup.ml b/tezt/tests/tx_sc_rollup.ml
index eb00f4ecbfd8c8bf14166cb0c5358086d0b43871..8c1cb7067b8d4df1e6f7111f20dfb359dd9f37e8 100644
--- a/tezt/tests/tx_sc_rollup.ml
+++ b/tezt/tests/tx_sc_rollup.ml
@@ -456,7 +456,9 @@ let test_tx_kernel_e2e protocol =
   let* () = assert_ticks_advanced sc_rollup_client prev_ticks in
 
   (* EXECUTE withdrawal *)
-  let blocks_to_wait = 1 + (2 * commitment_period) + challenge_window in
+  (* We bake a few more blocks in case the injection of the cementation
+     operation is late *)
+  let blocks_to_wait = 3 + (2 * commitment_period) + challenge_window in
   let* () =
     repeat blocks_to_wait @@ fun () -> Client.bake_for_and_wait client
   in