diff --git a/client-libs/kaitai-struct-files/files/alpha__constants.ksy b/client-libs/kaitai-struct-files/files/alpha__constants.ksy
index 59eef651e2a363f592560e4b063725cd554cb2cb..aa31d5efc87b7421680df605b00b8dd968af8001 100644
--- a/client-libs/kaitai-struct-files/files/alpha__constants.ksy
+++ b/client-libs/kaitai-struct-files/files/alpha__constants.ksy
@@ -364,6 +364,3 @@ seq:
 - id: direct_ticket_spending_enable
   type: u1
   enum: bool
-- id: sponsored_operations_enable
-  type: u1
-  enum: bool
diff --git a/client-libs/kaitai-struct-files/files/alpha__constants__parametric.ksy b/client-libs/kaitai-struct-files/files/alpha__constants__parametric.ksy
index d77179ffe36be4905c3dcac1a3311a3acf447215..24e10472e4856e3efdc59f5748fc309e4dc4ec71 100644
--- a/client-libs/kaitai-struct-files/files/alpha__constants__parametric.ksy
+++ b/client-libs/kaitai-struct-files/files/alpha__constants__parametric.ksy
@@ -336,6 +336,3 @@ seq:
 - id: direct_ticket_spending_enable
   type: u1
   enum: bool
-- id: sponsored_operations_enable
-  type: u1
-  enum: bool
diff --git a/client-libs/kaitai-struct-files/files/alpha__operation.ksy b/client-libs/kaitai-struct-files/files/alpha__operation.ksy
index 65b86b4cb701482233d735a3bf1a2057035512a5..2c8c5dc05a2ff9c6ddcf4ceaccaa0e7605cf491a 100644
--- a/client-libs/kaitai-struct-files/files/alpha__operation.ksy
+++ b/client-libs/kaitai-struct-files/files/alpha__operation.ksy
@@ -238,9 +238,6 @@ types:
     - id: zk_rollup_update
       type: zk_rollup_update
       if: (alpha__operation__alpha__contents_or_signature_prefix_tag == alpha__operation__alpha__contents_or_signature_prefix_tag::zk_rollup_update)
-    - id: host
-      type: host
-      if: (alpha__operation__alpha__contents_or_signature_prefix_tag == alpha__operation__alpha__contents_or_signature_prefix_tag::host)
   alpha__per_block_votes:
     seq:
     - id: alpha__per_block_votes_tag
@@ -483,37 +480,6 @@ types:
     - id: destination
       type: public_key_hash
       doc: A Ed25519, Secp256k1, P256, or BLS public key hash
-  guest_signature:
-    seq:
-    - id: signature__v1
-      size-eos: true
-  guest_signature_0:
-    seq:
-    - id: len_guest_signature
-      type: u4be
-      valid:
-        max: 1073741823
-    - id: guest_signature
-      type: guest_signature
-      size: len_guest_signature
-  host:
-    seq:
-    - id: source
-      type: public_key_hash
-      doc: A Ed25519, Secp256k1, P256, or BLS public key hash
-    - id: fee
-      type: alpha__mutez
-    - id: counter
-      type: n
-    - id: gas_limit
-      type: n
-    - id: storage_limit
-      type: n
-    - id: guest
-      type: public_key_hash
-      doc: A Ed25519, Secp256k1, P256, or BLS public key hash
-    - id: guest_signature
-      type: guest_signature_0
   inbox__proof:
     seq:
     - id: level
@@ -1938,7 +1904,6 @@ enums:
     112: set_deposits_limit
     113: increase_paid_storage
     114: update_consensus_key
-    115: host
     158: transfer_ticket
     200: smart_rollup_originate
     201: smart_rollup_add_messages
diff --git a/client-libs/kaitai-struct-files/files/alpha__operation__contents.ksy b/client-libs/kaitai-struct-files/files/alpha__operation__contents.ksy
index ebc8ac948603eab79f1d2e9fb778a05dcb94e236..9af256a2106977c7a4c8cc51ee9b60ab5d4f39a2 100644
--- a/client-libs/kaitai-struct-files/files/alpha__operation__contents.ksy
+++ b/client-libs/kaitai-struct-files/files/alpha__operation__contents.ksy
@@ -227,9 +227,6 @@ types:
     - id: zk_rollup_update
       type: zk_rollup_update
       if: (alpha__operation__alpha__contents_tag == alpha__operation__alpha__contents_tag::zk_rollup_update)
-    - id: host
-      type: host
-      if: (alpha__operation__alpha__contents_tag == alpha__operation__alpha__contents_tag::host)
   alpha__per_block_votes:
     seq:
     - id: alpha__per_block_votes_tag
@@ -460,37 +457,6 @@ types:
     - id: destination
       type: public_key_hash
       doc: A Ed25519, Secp256k1, P256, or BLS public key hash
-  guest_signature:
-    seq:
-    - id: signature__v1
-      size-eos: true
-  guest_signature_0:
-    seq:
-    - id: len_guest_signature
-      type: u4be
-      valid:
-        max: 1073741823
-    - id: guest_signature
-      type: guest_signature
-      size: len_guest_signature
-  host:
-    seq:
-    - id: source
-      type: public_key_hash
-      doc: A Ed25519, Secp256k1, P256, or BLS public key hash
-    - id: fee
-      type: alpha__mutez
-    - id: counter
-      type: n
-    - id: gas_limit
-      type: n
-    - id: storage_limit
-      type: n
-    - id: guest
-      type: public_key_hash
-      doc: A Ed25519, Secp256k1, P256, or BLS public key hash
-    - id: guest_signature
-      type: guest_signature_0
   inbox__proof:
     seq:
     - id: level
@@ -1915,7 +1881,6 @@ enums:
     112: set_deposits_limit
     113: increase_paid_storage
     114: update_consensus_key
-    115: host
     158: transfer_ticket
     200: smart_rollup_originate
     201: smart_rollup_add_messages
diff --git a/client-libs/kaitai-struct-files/files/alpha__operation__contents_list.ksy b/client-libs/kaitai-struct-files/files/alpha__operation__contents_list.ksy
index a594a289581f0cc26cb7946caebd897b3a7f4d8c..6c10ba5fa716b449fcf74c8974e718c397fb1f65 100644
--- a/client-libs/kaitai-struct-files/files/alpha__operation__contents_list.ksy
+++ b/client-libs/kaitai-struct-files/files/alpha__operation__contents_list.ksy
@@ -227,9 +227,6 @@ types:
     - id: zk_rollup_update
       type: zk_rollup_update
       if: (alpha__operation__alpha__contents_tag == alpha__operation__alpha__contents_tag::zk_rollup_update)
-    - id: host
-      type: host
-      if: (alpha__operation__alpha__contents_tag == alpha__operation__alpha__contents_tag::host)
   alpha__operation__contents_list_entries:
     seq:
     - id: alpha__operation__alpha__contents
@@ -464,37 +461,6 @@ types:
     - id: destination
       type: public_key_hash
       doc: A Ed25519, Secp256k1, P256, or BLS public key hash
-  guest_signature:
-    seq:
-    - id: signature__v1
-      size-eos: true
-  guest_signature_0:
-    seq:
-    - id: len_guest_signature
-      type: u4be
-      valid:
-        max: 1073741823
-    - id: guest_signature
-      type: guest_signature
-      size: len_guest_signature
-  host:
-    seq:
-    - id: source
-      type: public_key_hash
-      doc: A Ed25519, Secp256k1, P256, or BLS public key hash
-    - id: fee
-      type: alpha__mutez
-    - id: counter
-      type: n
-    - id: gas_limit
-      type: n
-    - id: storage_limit
-      type: n
-    - id: guest
-      type: public_key_hash
-      doc: A Ed25519, Secp256k1, P256, or BLS public key hash
-    - id: guest_signature
-      type: guest_signature_0
   inbox__proof:
     seq:
     - id: level
@@ -1919,7 +1885,6 @@ enums:
     112: set_deposits_limit
     113: increase_paid_storage
     114: update_consensus_key
-    115: host
     158: transfer_ticket
     200: smart_rollup_originate
     201: smart_rollup_add_messages
diff --git a/client-libs/kaitai-struct-files/files/alpha__operation__protocol_data.ksy b/client-libs/kaitai-struct-files/files/alpha__operation__protocol_data.ksy
index 7b5ca8adeb46f55a7a4eb0a81402a3b45aff75e5..6029ec16621e6d2482ba7de8640c467608877788 100644
--- a/client-libs/kaitai-struct-files/files/alpha__operation__protocol_data.ksy
+++ b/client-libs/kaitai-struct-files/files/alpha__operation__protocol_data.ksy
@@ -238,9 +238,6 @@ types:
     - id: zk_rollup_update
       type: zk_rollup_update
       if: (alpha__operation__alpha__contents_or_signature_prefix_tag == alpha__operation__alpha__contents_or_signature_prefix_tag::zk_rollup_update)
-    - id: host
-      type: host
-      if: (alpha__operation__alpha__contents_or_signature_prefix_tag == alpha__operation__alpha__contents_or_signature_prefix_tag::host)
   alpha__per_block_votes:
     seq:
     - id: alpha__per_block_votes_tag
@@ -483,37 +480,6 @@ types:
     - id: destination
       type: public_key_hash
       doc: A Ed25519, Secp256k1, P256, or BLS public key hash
-  guest_signature:
-    seq:
-    - id: signature__v1
-      size-eos: true
-  guest_signature_0:
-    seq:
-    - id: len_guest_signature
-      type: u4be
-      valid:
-        max: 1073741823
-    - id: guest_signature
-      type: guest_signature
-      size: len_guest_signature
-  host:
-    seq:
-    - id: source
-      type: public_key_hash
-      doc: A Ed25519, Secp256k1, P256, or BLS public key hash
-    - id: fee
-      type: alpha__mutez
-    - id: counter
-      type: n
-    - id: gas_limit
-      type: n
-    - id: storage_limit
-      type: n
-    - id: guest
-      type: public_key_hash
-      doc: A Ed25519, Secp256k1, P256, or BLS public key hash
-    - id: guest_signature
-      type: guest_signature_0
   inbox__proof:
     seq:
     - id: level
@@ -1938,7 +1904,6 @@ enums:
     112: set_deposits_limit
     113: increase_paid_storage
     114: update_consensus_key
-    115: host
     158: transfer_ticket
     200: smart_rollup_originate
     201: smart_rollup_add_messages
diff --git a/client-libs/kaitai-struct-files/files/alpha__operation__unsigned.ksy b/client-libs/kaitai-struct-files/files/alpha__operation__unsigned.ksy
index c6cdf6b20f4ffc88e9da952e9cb4fb4da7d60bc3..55743ab0d306c2005733e7d4cb75078dd06973b5 100644
--- a/client-libs/kaitai-struct-files/files/alpha__operation__unsigned.ksy
+++ b/client-libs/kaitai-struct-files/files/alpha__operation__unsigned.ksy
@@ -227,9 +227,6 @@ types:
     - id: zk_rollup_update
       type: zk_rollup_update
       if: (alpha__operation__alpha__contents_tag == alpha__operation__alpha__contents_tag::zk_rollup_update)
-    - id: host
-      type: host
-      if: (alpha__operation__alpha__contents_tag == alpha__operation__alpha__contents_tag::host)
   alpha__operation__alpha__unsigned_operation:
     seq:
     - id: alpha__operation__alpha__unsigned_operation
@@ -471,37 +468,6 @@ types:
     - id: destination
       type: public_key_hash
       doc: A Ed25519, Secp256k1, P256, or BLS public key hash
-  guest_signature:
-    seq:
-    - id: signature__v1
-      size-eos: true
-  guest_signature_0:
-    seq:
-    - id: len_guest_signature
-      type: u4be
-      valid:
-        max: 1073741823
-    - id: guest_signature
-      type: guest_signature
-      size: len_guest_signature
-  host:
-    seq:
-    - id: source
-      type: public_key_hash
-      doc: A Ed25519, Secp256k1, P256, or BLS public key hash
-    - id: fee
-      type: alpha__mutez
-    - id: counter
-      type: n
-    - id: gas_limit
-      type: n
-    - id: storage_limit
-      type: n
-    - id: guest
-      type: public_key_hash
-      doc: A Ed25519, Secp256k1, P256, or BLS public key hash
-    - id: guest_signature
-      type: guest_signature_0
   inbox__proof:
     seq:
     - id: level
@@ -1926,7 +1892,6 @@ enums:
     112: set_deposits_limit
     113: increase_paid_storage
     114: update_consensus_key
-    115: host
     158: transfer_ticket
     200: smart_rollup_originate
     201: smart_rollup_add_messages
diff --git a/client-libs/kaitai-struct-files/files/alpha__operation_with_legacy_attestation_name.ksy b/client-libs/kaitai-struct-files/files/alpha__operation_with_legacy_attestation_name.ksy
index 5aec0b0ad558251f73be33822012689c313e13c6..db9b45ad4dc0385fe7b5ea32035918665e9c3a10 100644
--- a/client-libs/kaitai-struct-files/files/alpha__operation_with_legacy_attestation_name.ksy
+++ b/client-libs/kaitai-struct-files/files/alpha__operation_with_legacy_attestation_name.ksy
@@ -231,9 +231,6 @@ types:
     - id: zk_rollup_update
       type: zk_rollup_update
       if: (alpha__operation__alpha__contents_or_signature_prefix_tag == alpha__operation__alpha__contents_or_signature_prefix_tag::zk_rollup_update)
-    - id: host
-      type: host
-      if: (alpha__operation__alpha__contents_or_signature_prefix_tag == alpha__operation__alpha__contents_or_signature_prefix_tag::host)
   alpha__operation_with_legacy_attestation_name__alpha__contents_and_signature:
     seq:
     - id: contents_and_signature_prefix
@@ -483,37 +480,6 @@ types:
     - id: destination
       type: public_key_hash
       doc: A Ed25519, Secp256k1, P256, or BLS public key hash
-  guest_signature:
-    seq:
-    - id: signature__v1
-      size-eos: true
-  guest_signature_0:
-    seq:
-    - id: len_guest_signature
-      type: u4be
-      valid:
-        max: 1073741823
-    - id: guest_signature
-      type: guest_signature
-      size: len_guest_signature
-  host:
-    seq:
-    - id: source
-      type: public_key_hash
-      doc: A Ed25519, Secp256k1, P256, or BLS public key hash
-    - id: fee
-      type: alpha__mutez
-    - id: counter
-      type: n
-    - id: gas_limit
-      type: n
-    - id: storage_limit
-      type: n
-    - id: guest
-      type: public_key_hash
-      doc: A Ed25519, Secp256k1, P256, or BLS public key hash
-    - id: guest_signature
-      type: guest_signature_0
   inbox__proof:
     seq:
     - id: level
@@ -1938,7 +1904,6 @@ enums:
     112: set_deposits_limit
     113: increase_paid_storage
     114: update_consensus_key
-    115: host
     158: transfer_ticket
     200: smart_rollup_originate
     201: smart_rollup_add_messages
diff --git a/client-libs/kaitai-struct-files/files/alpha__operation_with_legacy_attestation_name__unsigned.ksy b/client-libs/kaitai-struct-files/files/alpha__operation_with_legacy_attestation_name__unsigned.ksy
index 111badff4af4fa8eb1898a8a40160ea60697be0d..aee0ae625059b1b310030ec2aab2c748df93326f 100644
--- a/client-libs/kaitai-struct-files/files/alpha__operation_with_legacy_attestation_name__unsigned.ksy
+++ b/client-libs/kaitai-struct-files/files/alpha__operation_with_legacy_attestation_name__unsigned.ksy
@@ -227,9 +227,6 @@ types:
     - id: zk_rollup_update
       type: zk_rollup_update
       if: (alpha__operation_with_legacy_attestation_name__alpha__contents_tag == alpha__operation_with_legacy_attestation_name__alpha__contents_tag::zk_rollup_update)
-    - id: host
-      type: host
-      if: (alpha__operation_with_legacy_attestation_name__alpha__contents_tag == alpha__operation_with_legacy_attestation_name__alpha__contents_tag::host)
   alpha__operation_with_legacy_attestation_name__alpha__unsigned_operation:
     seq:
     - id: alpha__operation_with_legacy_attestation_name__alpha__unsigned_operation
@@ -471,37 +468,6 @@ types:
       size: 32
     - id: dal_attestation
       type: z
-  guest_signature:
-    seq:
-    - id: signature__v1
-      size-eos: true
-  guest_signature_0:
-    seq:
-    - id: len_guest_signature
-      type: u4be
-      valid:
-        max: 1073741823
-    - id: guest_signature
-      type: guest_signature
-      size: len_guest_signature
-  host:
-    seq:
-    - id: source
-      type: public_key_hash
-      doc: A Ed25519, Secp256k1, P256, or BLS public key hash
-    - id: fee
-      type: alpha__mutez
-    - id: counter
-      type: n
-    - id: gas_limit
-      type: n
-    - id: storage_limit
-      type: n
-    - id: guest
-      type: public_key_hash
-      doc: A Ed25519, Secp256k1, P256, or BLS public key hash
-    - id: guest_signature
-      type: guest_signature_0
   inbox__proof:
     seq:
     - id: level
@@ -1926,7 +1892,6 @@ enums:
     112: set_deposits_limit
     113: increase_paid_storage
     114: update_consensus_key
-    115: host
     158: transfer_ticket
     200: smart_rollup_originate
     201: smart_rollup_add_messages
diff --git a/client-libs/kaitai-struct-files/files/alpha__parameters.ksy b/client-libs/kaitai-struct-files/files/alpha__parameters.ksy
index b82efa63f9396be58f61884a1c33a3b518977c90..bb6605b920ba7ed7f84d98bad13f780bf0de8c09 100644
--- a/client-libs/kaitai-struct-files/files/alpha__parameters.ksy
+++ b/client-libs/kaitai-struct-files/files/alpha__parameters.ksy
@@ -614,6 +614,3 @@ seq:
 - id: direct_ticket_spending_enable
   type: u1
   enum: bool
-- id: sponsored_operations_enable
-  type: u1
-  enum: bool
diff --git a/docs/protocols/alpha.rst b/docs/protocols/alpha.rst
index c5a91dd8947ad044bef78b9914bcb85f4b278e2f..906bf4f1b240f3eeb82d77b7d4abd641c8e1f04c 100644
--- a/docs/protocols/alpha.rst
+++ b/docs/protocols/alpha.rst
@@ -74,10 +74,6 @@ Errors
   counters. The error messages have been updated accordingly, but the
   error IDs remain unchanged. (MR :gl:`!13138`)
 
-- The message of the ``validate.operation.incorrect_reveal_position``
-  error has been updated to specify that the incorrectly placed
-  revelation concerns the fee payer. (MR :gl:`!13290`)
-
 Protocol parameters
 -------------------
 
@@ -127,67 +123,6 @@ following quantities are kept the same:
      - ``1733333``
      - ``1386666``
 
-Sponsored Operations
---------------------
-
-The following changes are under the ``sponsored_operations_enable``
-feature flag. (MR :gl:`!11207`) This feature flag is currently
-disabled, so these changes are purely internal at this time.
-
-- Added a new manager operation kind named ``host`` with two fields: a
-  public key hash ``guest`` and a signature ``guest_signature``. (MR
-  :gl:`!11209`)
-
-- Updated the validation of operations to account for the new ``host``
-  operation:
-
-  - A batch may now contain multiple sources, if it has ``host``
-    operations. (MR :gl:`!13138`) However:
-
-    - All operations in between two ``host`` operations, or after the
-      last ``host`` operation of the batch, must have the ``guest`` of
-      the previous ``host`` operation as their source.
-
-    - The ``host`` operations themselves, and any operations appearing
-      before the first ``host`` operation in the batch, must all share
-      the same source. This source will be the fee payer for the whole
-      batch, also known as the sponsor or host of the batch. Note that
-      if the batch contains no ``host`` operations, this means that
-      all operations must have the same source who will pay the fees,
-      as before the introduction of Sponsored Operations.
-
-    - The same guest must not appear in two separate ``host``
-      operations. Moreover, the fee payer must not appear as guest in
-      a ``host`` operation.
-
-  - The counter of each individual operation in a batch relates to the
-    source of this particular operation. For every source in the
-    batch, all counters associated with that source must be increasing
-    and consecutive. Moreover, the counter of the first operation in
-    the batch, whose source is always the fee payer, must be the next
-    expected counter for the fee payer in the context of the
-    blockchain. There is no such requirement for the first counters of
-    any guest sources. (MR :gl:`!13138`)
-
-  - Before Sponsored Operations, the only allowed position for a
-    ``reveal`` operation was as the very first operation of the
-    batch. Now, a ``reveal`` operation must either be the first
-    operation of the whole batch, or come immediately after a ``host``
-    operation. In other words, a guest operation can be a ``reveal``,
-    provided that it is the guest's first operation in the batch. (MR
-    :gl:`!13290`)
-
-- Added the following errors:
-
-  - ``validate.operation.guest_operation_wrong_source`` (MR :gl:`!13138`)
-
-  - ``validate.operation.guest_hosted_twice`` (MR :gl:`!13138`)
-
-  - ``validate.operation.guest_is_sponsor`` (MR :gl:`!13138`)
-
-  - ``validate.operation.guest_incorrect_reveal_position`` (MR
-    :gl:`!13290`)
-
 Bug Fixes
 ---------
 
diff --git a/manifest/product_octez.ml b/manifest/product_octez.ml
index 87cf96266ee4b296ea4fc843546a8c83379bb6fa..77405f2b4d2c03adaec44775d5f805f2dbe83c7a 100644
--- a/manifest/product_octez.ml
+++ b/manifest/product_octez.ml
@@ -5298,7 +5298,6 @@ end = struct
             ("test_voting", true);
             ("test_zk_rollup", true);
             ("test_transfer_ticket", N.(number >= 016));
-            ("test_host_operation", N.(number >= 021));
           ]
           |> conditional_list
         in
diff --git a/src/proto_alpha/lib_client/injection.ml b/src/proto_alpha/lib_client/injection.ml
index d03a16982e35f6e23f4836535ef9f1e6301d6188..eb7fa79c4f813f2475c3e5d93f0253100e9551c2 100644
--- a/src/proto_alpha/lib_client/injection.ml
+++ b/src/proto_alpha/lib_client/injection.ml
@@ -358,8 +358,7 @@ let estimated_gas_single (type kind)
             Ok consumed_gas
         | Zk_rollup_origination_result {consumed_gas; _} -> Ok consumed_gas
         | Zk_rollup_publish_result {consumed_gas; _} -> Ok consumed_gas
-        | Zk_rollup_update_result {consumed_gas; _} -> Ok consumed_gas
-        | Host_result {consumed_gas} -> Ok consumed_gas)
+        | Zk_rollup_update_result {consumed_gas; _} -> Ok consumed_gas)
     | Skipped _ ->
         error_with "Cannot estimate gas of skipped operation"
         (* There must be another error for this to happen, and it should not
@@ -431,7 +430,7 @@ let estimated_storage_single (type kind) ~origination_size
         *)
         | Sc_rollup_cement_result _ | Sc_rollup_publish_result _
         | Sc_rollup_refute_result _ | Sc_rollup_timeout_result _
-        | Sc_rollup_recover_bond_result _ | Host_result _ ->
+        | Sc_rollup_recover_bond_result _ ->
             Ok Z.zero)
     | Skipped _ ->
         error_with "Cannot estimate storage of skipped operation"
@@ -510,8 +509,7 @@ let originated_contracts_single (type kind)
         | Sc_rollup_refute_result _ | Sc_rollup_timeout_result _
         | Sc_rollup_execute_outbox_message_result _
         | Sc_rollup_recover_bond_result _ | Zk_rollup_origination_result _
-        | Zk_rollup_publish_result _ | Zk_rollup_update_result _ | Host_result _
-          ->
+        | Zk_rollup_publish_result _ | Zk_rollup_update_result _ ->
             return_nil)
     | Skipped _ ->
         error_with "Cannot know originated contracts of skipped operation"
diff --git a/src/proto_alpha/lib_client/operation_result.ml b/src/proto_alpha/lib_client/operation_result.ml
index e6a43ca554335e7567323060f24613a3259644d6..3654b22538d66ee125317fc1b5b0ceb1758877fa 100644
--- a/src/proto_alpha/lib_client/operation_result.ml
+++ b/src/proto_alpha/lib_client/operation_result.ml
@@ -356,14 +356,6 @@ let pp_manager_operation_content (type kind) source ppf
       Format.fprintf ppf "Epoxy publish:@,From: %a" Contract.pp source
   | Zk_rollup_update _ ->
       Format.fprintf ppf "Epoxy update:@,From: %a" Contract.pp source
-  | Host {guest; _} ->
-      Format.fprintf
-        ppf
-        "Host:@,From: %a@,Guest: %a"
-        Contract.pp
-        source
-        Signature.Public_key_hash.pp
-        guest
 
 let pp_balance_updates ppf balance_updates =
   let open Receipt in
@@ -817,9 +809,6 @@ let pp_manager_operation_contents_result ppf op_result =
     pp_paid_storage_size_diff ppf paid_storage_size_diff ;
     pp_balance_updates ppf balance_updates
   in
-  let pp_host_result (Host_result {consumed_gas}) =
-    pp_consumed_gas ppf consumed_gas
-  in
 
   let manager_operation_name (type kind)
       (result : kind successful_manager_operation_result) =
@@ -847,7 +836,6 @@ let pp_manager_operation_contents_result ppf op_result =
     | Zk_rollup_origination_result _ -> "epoxy originate"
     | Zk_rollup_publish_result _ -> "epoxy publish"
     | Zk_rollup_update_result _ -> "epoxy update"
-    | Host_result _ -> "host"
   in
   let pp_manager_operation_contents_result (type kind) ppf
       (result : kind successful_manager_operation_result) =
@@ -882,7 +870,6 @@ let pp_manager_operation_contents_result ppf op_result =
     | Zk_rollup_origination_result _ as op -> pp_zk_rollup_origination_result op
     | Zk_rollup_publish_result _ as op -> pp_zk_rollup_publish_result op
     | Zk_rollup_update_result _ as op -> pp_zk_rollup_update_result op
-    | Host_result _ as op -> pp_host_result op
   in
   pp_operation_result
     ~operation_name:manager_operation_name
diff --git a/src/proto_alpha/lib_parameters/default_parameters.ml b/src/proto_alpha/lib_parameters/default_parameters.ml
index e900aabad5ec4334500eb28600d09ff3363357c0..0bfaa4e27d8e37a16fc6e6e29015ca351db35d0c 100644
--- a/src/proto_alpha/lib_parameters/default_parameters.ml
+++ b/src/proto_alpha/lib_parameters/default_parameters.ml
@@ -313,7 +313,6 @@ let constants_mainnet : Constants.Parametric.t =
        - Split [allow_forged] into [allow_tickets] and [allow_lazy_storage_id]: #2964
        - Introduce a new Ticket constructor in Michelson: #6643 *)
     direct_ticket_spending_enable = false;
-    sponsored_operations_enable = false;
   }
 
 let constants_sandbox =
diff --git a/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/alpha_context.mli b/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/alpha_context.mli
index 7b68e75c6818e8a58fce1765c34d8a7b5c3f8c10..b9a12fdfe476291d85842b847c4665edbf984d30 100644
--- a/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/alpha_context.mli
+++ b/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/alpha_context.mli
@@ -946,7 +946,6 @@ module Constants : sig
       zk_rollup : zk_rollup;
       adaptive_issuance : adaptive_issuance;
       direct_ticket_spending_enable : bool;
-      sponsored_operations_enable : bool;
     }
 
     val encoding : t Data_encoding.t
@@ -1079,8 +1078,6 @@ module Constants : sig
 
   val direct_ticket_spending_enable : context -> bool
 
-  val sponsored_operations_enable : context -> bool
-
   (** All constants: fixed and parametric *)
   type t = private {fixed : fixed; parametric : Parametric.t}
 
@@ -4461,8 +4458,6 @@ module Kind : sig
 
   type zk_rollup_update = Zk_rollup_update_kind
 
-  type host = Host_kind
-
   type 'a manager =
     | Reveal_manager_kind : reveal manager
     | Transaction_manager_kind : transaction manager
@@ -4487,7 +4482,6 @@ module Kind : sig
     | Zk_rollup_origination_manager_kind : zk_rollup_origination manager
     | Zk_rollup_publish_manager_kind : zk_rollup_publish manager
     | Zk_rollup_update_manager_kind : zk_rollup_update manager
-    | Host_manager_kind : host manager
 end
 
 (** All the definitions below are re-exported from {!Operation_repr}. *)
@@ -4696,11 +4690,6 @@ and _ manager_operation =
       update : Zk_rollup.Update.t;
     }
       -> Kind.zk_rollup_update manager_operation
-  | Host : {
-      guest : Signature.Public_key_hash.t;
-      guest_signature : Signature.t;
-    }
-      -> Kind.host manager_operation
 
 type packed_manager_operation =
   | Manager : 'kind manager_operation -> packed_manager_operation
@@ -4904,8 +4893,6 @@ module Operation : sig
 
     val zk_rollup_update_case : Kind.zk_rollup_update Kind.manager case
 
-    val host_case : Kind.host Kind.manager case
-
     module Manager_operations : sig
       type 'b case =
         | MCase : {
@@ -4962,8 +4949,6 @@ module Operation : sig
       val zk_rollup_publish_case : Kind.zk_rollup_publish case
 
       val zk_rollup_update_case : Kind.zk_rollup_update case
-
-      val host_case : Kind.host case
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/apply.ml b/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/apply.ml
index add25bdc4430910f7a3f692a237f5ddeae7dab41..461cc5673b60936d18b0aaa3c3f79d07e8025719 100644
--- a/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/apply.ml
+++ b/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/apply.ml
@@ -1623,9 +1623,6 @@ let apply_manager_operation :
         Zk_rollup_apply.publish ~ctxt_before_op ~ctxt ~zk_rollup ~l2_ops:ops
     | Zk_rollup_update {zk_rollup; update} ->
         Zk_rollup_apply.update ~ctxt_before_op ~ctxt ~zk_rollup ~update
-    | Host _ ->
-        (* This feature is disabled *)
-        assert false
 
 type success_or_failure = Success of context | Failure
 
@@ -1871,9 +1868,6 @@ let burn_manager_storage_fees :
         ( ctxt,
           storage_limit,
           Zk_rollup_update_result {payload with balance_updates} )
-    | Host_result _ ->
-        (* This feature is disabled *)
-        assert false
 
 (** [burn_internal_storage_fees ctxt smopr storage_limit payer] burns the
     storage fees associated to an internal operation result [smopr].
diff --git a/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/apply_results.ml b/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/apply_results.ml
index 77b3394e8a65fb9cfb9706e6dbc6b9c28585f8ac..49ff68eba509b6b27092a8f1b4cc914a00c5c3b9 100644
--- a/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/apply_results.ml
+++ b/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/apply_results.ml
@@ -154,10 +154,6 @@ type _ successful_manager_operation_result =
       paid_storage_size_diff : Z.t;
     }
       -> Kind.zk_rollup_update successful_manager_operation_result
-  | Host_result : {
-      consumed_gas : Gas.Arith.fp;
-    }
-      -> Kind.host successful_manager_operation_result
 
 let migration_origination_result_to_successful_manager_operation_result
     ({
@@ -844,18 +840,6 @@ module Manager_result = struct
             (balance_updates, consumed_gas))
       ~inj:(fun (balance_updates, consumed_gas) ->
         Sc_rollup_recover_bond_result {balance_updates; consumed_gas})
-
-  let host_case =
-    make
-      ~op_case:Operation.Encoding.Manager_operations.host_case
-      ~encoding:
-        Data_encoding.(
-          obj1 (dft "consumed_milligas" Gas.Arith.n_fp_encoding Gas.Arith.zero))
-      ~select:(function
-        | Successful_manager_result (Host_result _ as op) -> Some op | _ -> None)
-      ~kind:Kind.Host_manager_kind
-      ~proj:(function Host_result {consumed_gas} -> consumed_gas)
-      ~inj:(fun consumed_gas -> Host_result {consumed_gas})
 end
 
 let successful_manager_operation_result_encoding :
@@ -886,7 +870,6 @@ let successful_manager_operation_result_encoding :
          make Manager_result.set_deposits_limit_case;
          make Manager_result.increase_paid_storage_case;
          make Manager_result.sc_rollup_originate_case;
-         make Manager_result.host_case;
        ]
 
 type 'kind contents_result =
@@ -1027,8 +1010,6 @@ let equal_manager_kind :
   | Kind.Zk_rollup_update_manager_kind, Kind.Zk_rollup_update_manager_kind ->
       Some Eq
   | Kind.Zk_rollup_update_manager_kind, _ -> None
-  | Kind.Host_manager_kind, Kind.Host_manager_kind -> Some Eq
-  | Kind.Host_manager_kind, _ -> None
 
 module Encoding = struct
   let consensus_result_encoding power_name =
@@ -1781,16 +1762,6 @@ module Encoding = struct
           ->
             Some (op, res)
         | _ -> None)
-
-  let host_manager_case =
-    make_manager_case
-      Operation.Encoding.host_case
-      Manager_result.host_case
-      (function
-        | Contents_and_result
-            ((Manager_operation {operation = Host _; _} as op), res) ->
-            Some (op, res)
-        | _ -> None)
 end
 
 let common_cases =
@@ -1824,7 +1795,6 @@ let common_cases =
     zk_rollup_origination_case;
     zk_rollup_publish_case;
     zk_rollup_update_case;
-    host_manager_case;
   ]
 
 let contents_cases =
@@ -2606,25 +2576,6 @@ let kind_equal :
         } ) ->
       Some Eq
   | Manager_operation {operation = Zk_rollup_update _; _}, _ -> None
-  | ( Manager_operation {operation = Host _; _},
-      Manager_operation_result {operation_result = Applied (Host_result _); _} )
-    ->
-      Some Eq
-  | ( Manager_operation {operation = Host _; _},
-      Manager_operation_result
-        {operation_result = Backtracked (Host_result _, _); _} ) ->
-      Some Eq
-  | ( Manager_operation {operation = Host _; _},
-      Manager_operation_result
-        {operation_result = Failed (Alpha_context.Kind.Host_manager_kind, _); _}
-    ) ->
-      Some Eq
-  | ( Manager_operation {operation = Host _; _},
-      Manager_operation_result
-        {operation_result = Skipped Alpha_context.Kind.Host_manager_kind; _} )
-    ->
-      Some Eq
-  | Manager_operation {operation = Host _; _}, _ -> None
 
 let rec kind_equal_list :
     type kind kind2.
diff --git a/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/apply_results.mli b/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/apply_results.mli
index c3cc463f13469648ed5a70256960323d8c759ccc..b0a09087030c1e44d1c52d463da6300f662a3bc7 100644
--- a/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/apply_results.mli
+++ b/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/apply_results.mli
@@ -261,10 +261,6 @@ and _ successful_manager_operation_result =
       paid_storage_size_diff : Z.t;
     }
       -> Kind.zk_rollup_update successful_manager_operation_result
-  | Host_result : {
-      consumed_gas : Gas.Arith.fp;
-    }
-      -> Kind.host successful_manager_operation_result
 
 and packed_successful_manager_operation_result =
   | Successful_manager_result :
diff --git a/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/constants_parametric_repr.ml b/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/constants_parametric_repr.ml
index 7392fadaeb73b28d4f3e8f1e1c980cbe5173dcb4..0141e837797a6ec7f6e6f801d5fa5ef5823ab868 100644
--- a/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/constants_parametric_repr.ml
+++ b/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/constants_parametric_repr.ml
@@ -249,7 +249,6 @@ type t = {
   zk_rollup : zk_rollup;
   adaptive_issuance : adaptive_issuance;
   direct_ticket_spending_enable : bool;
-  sponsored_operations_enable : bool;
 }
 
 let sc_rollup_encoding =
@@ -589,9 +588,8 @@ let encoding =
                   c.cache_sampler_state_cycles ),
                 ( c.dal,
                   ( (c.sc_rollup, c.zk_rollup),
-                    ( c.adaptive_issuance,
-                      ( c.direct_ticket_spending_enable,
-                        c.sponsored_operations_enable ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ))
+                    (c.adaptive_issuance, c.direct_ticket_spending_enable) ) )
+              ) ) ) ) ))
     (fun ( ( ( consensus_rights_delay,
                blocks_preservation_cycles,
                delegate_parameters_activation_delay ),
@@ -632,9 +630,8 @@ let encoding =
                      cache_sampler_state_cycles ),
                    ( dal,
                      ( (sc_rollup, zk_rollup),
-                       ( adaptive_issuance,
-                         ( direct_ticket_spending_enable,
-                           sponsored_operations_enable ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ->
+                       (adaptive_issuance, direct_ticket_spending_enable) ) ) )
+               ) ) ) ) ->
       {
         consensus_rights_delay;
         blocks_preservation_cycles;
@@ -679,7 +676,6 @@ let encoding =
         zk_rollup;
         adaptive_issuance;
         direct_ticket_spending_enable;
-        sponsored_operations_enable;
       })
     (merge_objs
        (merge_objs
@@ -745,8 +741,7 @@ let encoding =
                          (merge_objs sc_rollup_encoding zk_rollup_encoding)
                          (merge_objs
                             adaptive_issuance_encoding
-                            ((obj2 (req "direct_ticket_spending_enable" bool))
-                               (req "sponsored_operations_enable" bool))))))))))
+                            (obj1 (req "direct_ticket_spending_enable" bool))))))))))
 
 let update_sc_rollup_parameter ratio_i32 c =
   (* Constants remain small enough to fit in [int32] after update (as a
diff --git a/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/constants_parametric_repr.mli b/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/constants_parametric_repr.mli
index 9c967537a4262a90393cdff20ae27b0b761ca59f..b4515db0ebce48fa72d21207121fdae8e82033ed 100644
--- a/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/constants_parametric_repr.mli
+++ b/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/constants_parametric_repr.mli
@@ -228,7 +228,6 @@ type t = {
   zk_rollup : zk_rollup;
   adaptive_issuance : adaptive_issuance;
   direct_ticket_spending_enable : bool;
-  sponsored_operations_enable : bool;
 }
 
 val encoding : t Data_encoding.encoding
diff --git a/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/constants_storage.ml b/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/constants_storage.ml
index 038bde819651f0f220ad30fc07de6160f834e21f..783d0fd2548fb1f0af4a4164c5e7f469a0ded501 100644
--- a/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/constants_storage.ml
+++ b/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/constants_storage.ml
@@ -298,6 +298,3 @@ let adaptive_issuance_ns_enable c = (adaptive_issuance c).ns_enable
 
 let direct_ticket_spending_enable c =
   (Raw_context.constants c).direct_ticket_spending_enable
-
-let sponsored_operations_enable c =
-  (Raw_context.constants c).sponsored_operations_enable
diff --git a/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/constants_storage.mli b/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/constants_storage.mli
index 88b5f97946798887eee08f23f99f1ce41c6a8b07..1e402c3044be8ea4d4f0038fd58c7f8a68e7bc38 100644
--- a/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/constants_storage.mli
+++ b/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/constants_storage.mli
@@ -184,5 +184,3 @@ val consensus_key_activation_delay : Raw_context.t -> int
     slashing of the funds that are currently in its frozen deposit. *)
 
 val slashable_deposits_period : Raw_context.t -> int
-
-val sponsored_operations_enable : Raw_context.t -> bool
diff --git a/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/operation_repr.ml b/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/operation_repr.ml
index 8b280086bf74246eb0aa3e06ab37f72fa0e8e32a..7c59bfc4596c605524c9c10f55cc40f16c1cf948 100644
--- a/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/operation_repr.ml
+++ b/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/operation_repr.ml
@@ -110,8 +110,6 @@ module Kind = struct
 
   type zk_rollup_update = Zk_rollup_update_kind
 
-  type host = Host_kind
-
   type 'a manager =
     | Reveal_manager_kind : reveal manager
     | Transaction_manager_kind : transaction manager
@@ -136,7 +134,6 @@ module Kind = struct
     | Zk_rollup_origination_manager_kind : zk_rollup_origination manager
     | Zk_rollup_publish_manager_kind : zk_rollup_publish manager
     | Zk_rollup_update_manager_kind : zk_rollup_update manager
-    | Host_manager_kind : host manager
 end
 
 type 'a consensus_operation_type =
@@ -402,11 +399,6 @@ and _ manager_operation =
       update : Zk_rollup_update_repr.t;
     }
       -> Kind.zk_rollup_update manager_operation
-  | Host : {
-      guest : Signature.Public_key_hash.t;
-      guest_signature : Signature.t;
-    }
-      -> Kind.host manager_operation
 
 let manager_kind : type kind. kind manager_operation -> kind Kind.manager =
   function
@@ -432,7 +424,6 @@ let manager_kind : type kind. kind manager_operation -> kind Kind.manager =
   | Zk_rollup_origination _ -> Kind.Zk_rollup_origination_manager_kind
   | Zk_rollup_publish _ -> Kind.Zk_rollup_publish_manager_kind
   | Zk_rollup_update _ -> Kind.Zk_rollup_update_manager_kind
-  | Host _ -> Kind.Host_manager_kind
 
 type packed_manager_operation =
   | Manager : 'kind manager_operation -> packed_manager_operation
@@ -555,8 +546,6 @@ let zk_rollup_operation_publish_tag = zk_rollup_operation_tag_offset + 1
 
 let zk_rollup_operation_update_tag = zk_rollup_operation_tag_offset + 2
 
-let host_tag = 115
-
 module Encoding = struct
   open Data_encoding
 
@@ -1004,22 +993,6 @@ module Encoding = struct
             (fun (sc_rollup, staker) ->
               Sc_rollup_recover_bond {sc_rollup; staker});
         }
-
-    let host_case =
-      MCase
-        {
-          tag = host_tag;
-          name = "host";
-          encoding =
-            obj2
-              (req "guest" Signature.Public_key_hash.encoding)
-              (req "guest_signature" (dynamic_size Signature.encoding));
-          select = (function Manager (Host _ as op) -> Some op | _ -> None);
-          proj =
-            (function
-            | Host {guest; guest_signature} -> (guest, guest_signature));
-          inj = (fun (guest, guest_signature) -> Host {guest; guest_signature});
-        }
   end
 
   type 'b case =
@@ -1607,8 +1580,6 @@ module Encoding = struct
   let update_consensus_key_case =
     make_manager_case 114 Manager_operations.update_consensus_key_case
 
-  let host_case = make_manager_case host_tag Manager_operations.host_case
-
   let transfer_ticket_case =
     make_manager_case
       transfer_ticket_tag
@@ -1707,7 +1678,6 @@ module Encoding = struct
       PCase zk_rollup_origination_case;
       PCase zk_rollup_publish_case;
       PCase zk_rollup_update_case;
-      PCase host_case;
     ]
 
   let contents_cases =
@@ -2185,8 +2155,6 @@ let equal_manager_operation_kind :
   | Zk_rollup_publish _, _ -> None
   | Zk_rollup_update _, Zk_rollup_update _ -> Some Eq
   | Zk_rollup_update _, _ -> None
-  | Host _, Host _ -> Some Eq
-  | Host _, _ -> None
 
 let equal_contents_kind : type a b. a contents -> b contents -> (a, b) eq option
     =
diff --git a/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/operation_repr.mli b/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/operation_repr.mli
index 6f475709012c534211c90e16a30843282eea2e60..bfe9e8bff835c75b7d9a38b47299b22fcd0c5a6f 100644
--- a/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/operation_repr.mli
+++ b/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/operation_repr.mli
@@ -55,7 +55,6 @@
       - zk rollup origination
       - zk rollup publish
       - zk rollup update
-      - host
 
     Each of them can be encoded as raw bytes. Operations are distinguished at
     type level using phantom type parameters. [packed_operation] type allows
@@ -145,8 +144,6 @@ module Kind : sig
 
   type zk_rollup_update = Zk_rollup_update_kind
 
-  type host = Host_kind
-
   type 'a manager =
     | Reveal_manager_kind : reveal manager
     | Transaction_manager_kind : transaction manager
@@ -171,7 +168,6 @@ module Kind : sig
     | Zk_rollup_origination_manager_kind : zk_rollup_origination manager
     | Zk_rollup_publish_manager_kind : zk_rollup_publish manager
     | Zk_rollup_update_manager_kind : zk_rollup_update manager
-    | Host_manager_kind : host manager
 end
 
 type 'a consensus_operation_type =
@@ -503,11 +499,6 @@ and _ manager_operation =
       update : Zk_rollup_update_repr.t;
     }
       -> Kind.zk_rollup_update manager_operation
-  | Host : {
-      guest : Signature.Public_key_hash.t;
-      guest_signature : Signature.t;
-    }
-      -> Kind.host manager_operation
 
 type packed_manager_operation =
   | Manager : 'kind manager_operation -> packed_manager_operation
@@ -773,8 +764,6 @@ module Encoding : sig
 
   val zk_rollup_update_case : Kind.zk_rollup_update Kind.manager case
 
-  val host_case : Kind.host Kind.manager case
-
   module Manager_operations : sig
     type 'b case =
       | MCase : {
@@ -831,8 +820,6 @@ module Encoding : sig
     val zk_rollup_publish_case : Kind.zk_rollup_publish case
 
     val zk_rollup_update_case : Kind.zk_rollup_update case
-
-    val host_case : Kind.host case
   end
 end
 
diff --git a/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/raw_context.ml b/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/raw_context.ml
index 3f8385ad4c9e45736c46a568c51c403d7c982cf2..0ff7eb24dd68e71f789d87fc97011d89b9b3c136 100644
--- a/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/raw_context.ml
+++ b/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/raw_context.ml
@@ -1151,7 +1151,6 @@ let prepare_first_block ~level ~timestamp _chain_id ctxt =
         in
 
         let direct_ticket_spending_enable = false in
-        let sponsored_operations_enable = false in
         let Constants_repr.Generated.{max_slashing_threshold; _} =
           Constants_repr.Generated.generate
             ~consensus_committee_size:c.consensus_committee_size
@@ -1210,7 +1209,6 @@ let prepare_first_block ~level ~timestamp _chain_id ctxt =
               zk_rollup;
               adaptive_issuance;
               direct_ticket_spending_enable;
-              sponsored_operations_enable;
             }
         in
         let block_time_is_at_least_5s =
diff --git a/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/test/helpers/block.ml b/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/test/helpers/block.ml
index 18490234e775c23e0cd9e278e5f434b0c3705c69..8664588fb43619683ca014cd66ac92a06e63fded 100644
--- a/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/test/helpers/block.ml
+++ b/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/test/helpers/block.ml
@@ -560,7 +560,7 @@ let prepare_initial_context_params ?consensus_committee_size
     ?cycles_per_voting_period ?sc_rollup_arith_pvm_enable
     ?sc_rollup_private_enable ?sc_rollup_riscv_pvm_enable ?dal_enable
     ?zk_rollup_enable ?hard_gas_limit_per_block ?nonce_revelation_threshold ?dal
-    ?adaptive_issuance ?consensus_rights_delay ?sponsored_operations_enable () =
+    ?adaptive_issuance ?consensus_rights_delay () =
   let open Lwt_result_syntax in
   let open Tezos_protocol_alpha_parameters in
   let constants = Default_parameters.constants_test in
@@ -633,11 +633,6 @@ let prepare_initial_context_params ?consensus_committee_size
       consensus_rights_delay
   in
 
-  let sponsored_operations_enable =
-    Option.value
-      sponsored_operations_enable
-      ~default:constants.sponsored_operations_enable
-  in
   let constants =
     {
       constants with
@@ -662,7 +657,6 @@ let prepare_initial_context_params ?consensus_committee_size
       hard_gas_limit_per_block;
       nonce_revelation_threshold;
       consensus_rights_delay;
-      sponsored_operations_enable;
     }
   in
   let* () = check_constants_consistency constants in
@@ -696,8 +690,8 @@ let genesis ?commitments ?consensus_committee_size ?consensus_threshold
     ?cycles_per_voting_period ?sc_rollup_arith_pvm_enable
     ?sc_rollup_private_enable ?sc_rollup_riscv_pvm_enable ?dal_enable
     ?zk_rollup_enable ?hard_gas_limit_per_block ?nonce_revelation_threshold ?dal
-    ?adaptive_issuance ?sponsored_operations_enable
-    (bootstrap_accounts : Parameters.bootstrap_account list) =
+    ?adaptive_issuance (bootstrap_accounts : Parameters.bootstrap_account list)
+    =
   let open Lwt_result_syntax in
   let* constants, shell, hash =
     prepare_initial_context_params
@@ -719,7 +713,6 @@ let genesis ?commitments ?consensus_committee_size ?consensus_threshold
       ?nonce_revelation_threshold
       ?dal
       ?adaptive_issuance
-      ?sponsored_operations_enable
       ()
   in
   let* () =
@@ -825,45 +818,37 @@ let detect_manager_failure :
     type kind. kind Apply_results.operation_metadata -> _ =
   let open Result_syntax in
   let rec detect_manager_failure :
-      type kind. hosted:bool -> kind Apply_results.contents_result_list -> _ =
+      type kind. kind Apply_results.contents_result_list -> _ =
     let open Apply_results in
     let open Apply_operation_result in
     let open Apply_internal_results in
-    let detect_manager_failure_single (type kind) ~hosted
+    let detect_manager_failure_single (type kind)
         (Manager_operation_result
            {operation_result; internal_operation_results; _} :
           kind Kind.manager Apply_results.contents_result) =
       let detect_manager_failure (type kind)
           (result : (kind, _, _) operation_result) =
-        if hosted then return_unit
-        else
-          match result with
-          | Applied _ -> return_unit
-          | Skipped _ -> assert false
-          | Backtracked (_, None) ->
-              (* there must be another error for this to happen *)
-              return_unit
-          | Backtracked (_, Some errs) -> fail errs
-          | Failed (_, errs) -> fail errs
+        match result with
+        | Applied _ -> return_unit
+        | Skipped _ -> assert false
+        | Backtracked (_, None) ->
+            (* there must be another error for this to happen *)
+            return_unit
+        | Backtracked (_, Some errs) -> fail errs
+        | Failed (_, errs) -> fail errs
       in
       let* () = detect_manager_failure operation_result in
       List.iter_e
         (fun (Internal_operation_result (_, r)) -> detect_manager_failure r)
         internal_operation_results
     in
-    fun ~hosted -> function
-      | Single_result (Manager_operation_result _ as res) ->
-          detect_manager_failure_single ~hosted res
-      | Single_result _ -> return_unit
-      | Cons_result
-          ( (Manager_operation_result
-               {operation_result = Applied (Host_result _); _} as res),
-            rest ) ->
-          let* () = detect_manager_failure_single ~hosted:false res in
-          detect_manager_failure ~hosted:true rest
-      | Cons_result (res, rest) ->
-          let* () = detect_manager_failure_single ~hosted res in
-          detect_manager_failure ~hosted rest
+    function
+    | Single_result (Manager_operation_result _ as res) ->
+        detect_manager_failure_single res
+    | Single_result _ -> return_unit
+    | Cons_result (res, rest) ->
+        let* () = detect_manager_failure_single res in
+        detect_manager_failure rest
   in
   fun {contents} -> detect_manager_failure contents
 
@@ -911,7 +896,7 @@ let apply_with_metadata ?(policy = By_round 0) ?(check_size = true)
             match result with
             | No_operation_metadata -> return (state, contents_result)
             | Operation_metadata metadata ->
-                let*? () = detect_manager_failure ~hosted:false metadata in
+                let*? () = detect_manager_failure metadata in
                 return (state, result :: contents_result))
         (vstate, [])
         operations
@@ -1113,8 +1098,7 @@ let balance_update_of_operation_result :
       | Sc_rollup_publish_result _ | Sc_rollup_refute_result _
       | Sc_rollup_timeout_result _ | Sc_rollup_execute_outbox_message_result _
       | Sc_rollup_recover_bond_result _ | Zk_rollup_origination_result _
-      | Zk_rollup_publish_result _ | Zk_rollup_update_result _ | Host_result _
-        ->
+      | Zk_rollup_publish_result _ | Zk_rollup_update_result _ ->
           []
       | Delegation_result {balance_updates; _}
       | Transaction_result
@@ -1235,8 +1219,7 @@ let bake_n_with_origination_results ?baking_mode ?policy n b =
               | Successful_manager_result (Sc_rollup_recover_bond_result _)
               | Successful_manager_result (Zk_rollup_origination_result _)
               | Successful_manager_result (Zk_rollup_publish_result _)
-              | Successful_manager_result (Zk_rollup_update_result _)
-              | Successful_manager_result (Host_result _) ->
+              | Successful_manager_result (Zk_rollup_update_result _) ->
                   origination_results_rev
               | Successful_manager_result (Origination_result x) ->
                   Origination_result x :: origination_results_rev)
diff --git a/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/test/helpers/block.mli b/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/test/helpers/block.mli
index 1e0e0f59909a8078101866ad9dcd4efd3a52c088..ff649bd1412026944867a3bb8ad69d52e02ae6de 100644
--- a/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/test/helpers/block.mli
+++ b/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/test/helpers/block.mli
@@ -146,7 +146,6 @@ val genesis :
   ?nonce_revelation_threshold:int32 ->
   ?dal:Constants.Parametric.dal ->
   ?adaptive_issuance:Constants.Parametric.adaptive_issuance ->
-  ?sponsored_operations_enable:bool ->
   Parameters.bootstrap_account list ->
   block tzresult Lwt.t
 
@@ -417,7 +416,6 @@ val prepare_initial_context_params :
   ?dal:Constants.Parametric.dal ->
   ?adaptive_issuance:Constants.Parametric.adaptive_issuance ->
   ?consensus_rights_delay:int ->
-  ?sponsored_operations_enable:bool ->
   unit ->
   ( Constants.Parametric.t * Block_header.shell_header * Block_hash.t,
     tztrace )
diff --git a/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/test/helpers/constants_helpers.ml b/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/test/helpers/constants_helpers.ml
index fb46b426dac4442b1235df12fdb3f7cd667c76df..bb06992ed0e0c035592238d05934a3428ac4c4f7 100644
--- a/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/test/helpers/constants_helpers.ml
+++ b/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/test/helpers/constants_helpers.ml
@@ -191,7 +191,4 @@ module Set = struct
           c
     end
   end
-
-  let sponsored_operations_enable sponsored_operations_enable (c : t) =
-    {c with sponsored_operations_enable}
 end
diff --git a/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/test/helpers/context.ml b/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/test/helpers/context.ml
index 2ac842f836dcf386f6b69401bd42fb9fe053b82f..42d8b87fa7a2504c6bb43231e9ece352ca6f01df 100644
--- a/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/test/helpers/context.ml
+++ b/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/test/helpers/context.ml
@@ -657,7 +657,7 @@ let init_gen tup ?rng_state ?commitments ?bootstrap_balances
     ?cycles_per_voting_period ?sc_rollup_arith_pvm_enable
     ?sc_rollup_private_enable ?sc_rollup_riscv_pvm_enable ?dal_enable
     ?zk_rollup_enable ?hard_gas_limit_per_block ?nonce_revelation_threshold ?dal
-    ?adaptive_issuance ?sponsored_operations_enable () =
+    ?adaptive_issuance () =
   let open Lwt_result_syntax in
   let n = tup_n tup in
   let*? accounts = Account.generate_accounts ?rng_state n in
@@ -693,7 +693,6 @@ let init_gen tup ?rng_state ?commitments ?bootstrap_balances
       ?nonce_revelation_threshold
       ?dal
       ?adaptive_issuance
-      ?sponsored_operations_enable
       bootstrap_accounts
   in
   (blk, tup_get tup contracts)
diff --git a/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/test/helpers/context.mli b/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/test/helpers/context.mli
index 13d0b646c9f7770260a217fd22f718a489354275..17e4813cc4ed164b91e9a99c86659bdda5578c9a 100644
--- a/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/test/helpers/context.mli
+++ b/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/test/helpers/context.mli
@@ -375,7 +375,6 @@ type 'accounts init :=
   ?nonce_revelation_threshold:int32 ->
   ?dal:Constants.Parametric.dal ->
   ?adaptive_issuance:Constants.Parametric.adaptive_issuance ->
-  ?sponsored_operations_enable:bool ->
   unit ->
   (Block.t * 'accounts) tzresult Lwt.t
 
diff --git a/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/test/helpers/error_helpers.ml b/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/test/helpers/error_helpers.ml
index 112cfbaf2cf931eb04c038ca9234a202e0e4675f..daf4515c5604a3a7e4ae0462034210d61979de32 100644
--- a/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/test/helpers/error_helpers.ml
+++ b/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/test/helpers/error_helpers.ml
@@ -25,9 +25,9 @@ let check_error_constructor_name ~loc ~expected errs =
 
 (** Identifies the [Inconsistent_sources] error. *)
 let check_inconsistent_sources ~first_source ~source = function
-  | [Inconsistent_sources {fee_payer; source = s}] ->
+  | [Inconsistent_sources {expected_source; source = s}] ->
       Signature.Public_key_hash.(
-        fee_payer = Account.pkh_of_contract_exn first_source
+        expected_source = Account.pkh_of_contract_exn first_source
         && s = Account.pkh_of_contract_exn source)
   | _ -> false
 
@@ -66,17 +66,6 @@ let expect_inconsistent_counters_int ~loc ~source ~previous_counter ~counter
   in
   expect_inconsistent_counters ~loc ~source ~previous_counter ~counter errs
 
-(** To be used as the [expect_failure] argument of
-    {!Incremental.add_operation} when expecting the
-    [Guest_operation_wrong_source] error. *)
-let expect_guest_operation_wrong_source ~loc ~guest ~unexpected_source errs =
-  Assert.expect_error ~loc errs (function
-      | [Guest_operation_wrong_source {guest = g; source}] ->
-          Signature.Public_key_hash.(
-            g = Account.pkh_of_contract_exn guest
-            && source = Account.pkh_of_contract_exn unexpected_source)
-      | _ -> false)
-
 (** To be used as the [expect_failure] argument of
     {!Incremental.add_operation} when expecting the
     [Incorrect_reveal_position] error. *)
@@ -85,15 +74,6 @@ let expect_incorrect_reveal_position ~loc errs =
       | [Incorrect_reveal_position] -> true
       | _ -> false)
 
-(** To be used as the [expect_failure] argument of
-    {!Incremental.add_operation} when expecting the
-    [Guest_incorrect_reveal_position] error. *)
-let expect_guest_incorrect_reveal_position ~loc ~guest errs =
-  Assert.expect_error ~loc errs (function
-      | [Guest_incorrect_reveal_position {guest = g}] ->
-          Signature.Public_key_hash.(g = Account.pkh_of_contract_exn guest)
-      | _ -> false)
-
 let expect_forbidden_delegate ~loc ~delegate errs =
   Assert.expect_error ~loc errs (function
       | [Validate_errors.Consensus.Forbidden_delegate d] ->
diff --git a/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/test/helpers/op.ml b/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/test/helpers/op.ml
index 9c267c19620753ad1bfaa25c79c04e9802682afb..91ff5534a84d92873c44b2bef79098f7d87af2e6 100644
--- a/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/test/helpers/op.ml
+++ b/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/test/helpers/op.ml
@@ -179,64 +179,6 @@ let preattestation ?delegate ?slot ?level ?round ?block_payload_hash ?branch
 let sign ?watermark sk ctxt (Contents_list contents) =
   Operation.pack (sign ?watermark sk ctxt contents)
 
-let resign_hosted_batches ctxt operations =
-  let open Lwt_result_syntax in
-  let rec partition acc curr : packed_contents list -> packed_contents_list list
-      = function
-    | [] ->
-        let batch =
-          match Operation.of_list (List.rev curr) with
-          | Ok x -> x
-          | Error _ -> assert false
-        in
-        List.rev (batch :: acc)
-    | (Contents (Manager_operation {operation = Host _; _}) as op) :: r ->
-        if curr = [] then partition acc [op] r
-        else
-          let batch =
-            match Operation.of_list (List.rev curr) with
-            | Ok x -> x
-            | Error _ -> assert false
-          in
-          partition (batch :: acc) [op] r
-    | (Contents (Manager_operation _) as op) :: r ->
-        partition acc (op :: curr) r
-    | _ -> assert false
-  in
-  let partitions = partition [] [] operations in
-  let resign_partition (Contents_list contents) =
-    match contents with
-    | Cons (Manager_operation ({operation = Host {guest; _}; _} as host_op), r)
-      ->
-        let sponsor_unsigned_contents =
-          Cons
-            ( Manager_operation
-                {
-                  host_op with
-                  operation = Host {guest; guest_signature = Signature.zero};
-                },
-              r )
-        in
-        let* guest_account = Context.Contract.manager ctxt (Implicit guest) in
-        let guest_signature =
-          raw_sign
-            guest_account.sk
-            (Context.branch ctxt)
-            (Contents_list sponsor_unsigned_contents)
-        in
-        return
-          (Operation.to_list
-             (Contents_list
-                (Cons
-                   ( Manager_operation
-                       {host_op with operation = Host {guest; guest_signature}},
-                     r ))))
-    | Single (Manager_operation _ as op) -> return [Contents op]
-    | _ -> assert false
-  in
-  let* l = List.map_es resign_partition partitions in
-  return (List.concat l)
-
 let batch_operations ?(recompute_counters = false) ~source ctxt
     (operations : packed_operation list) =
   let open Lwt_result_wrap_syntax in
@@ -269,28 +211,21 @@ let batch_operations ?(recompute_counters = false) ~source ctxt
             CounterMap.add pkh (Manager_counter.succ next_counter) map )
       in
       (* Update counters and transform into a contents_list *)
-      let* has_host, _, rev_operations =
+      let* _counter_map, rev_operations =
         List.fold_left_es
-          (fun (has_host, counter_map, acc) -> function
+          (fun (counter_map, acc) -> function
             | Contents (Manager_operation m) ->
-                let has_host =
-                  has_host
-                  || match m.operation with Host _ -> true | _ -> false
-                in
                 let* counter, counter_map =
                   return_and_incr_counter counter_map m.source
                 in
                 return
-                  ( has_host,
-                    counter_map,
+                  ( counter_map,
                     Contents (Manager_operation {m with counter}) :: acc )
-            | x -> return (has_host, counter_map, x :: acc))
-          (false, counter_map, [])
+            | x -> return (counter_map, x :: acc))
+          (counter_map, [])
           operations
       in
-      let operations = List.rev rev_operations in
-      if has_host then resign_hosted_batches ctxt operations
-      else return operations
+      return (List.rev rev_operations)
     else return operations
   in
   let* account = Context.Contract.manager ctxt source in
@@ -1156,44 +1091,4 @@ let zk_rollup_update ?force_reveal ?counter ?fee ?gas_limit ?storage_limit ctxt
   let+ account = Context.Contract.manager ctxt src in
   sign account.sk (Context.branch ctxt) to_sign_op
 
-let append_manager_contents content packed_contents =
-  match packed_contents with
-  | Contents_list (Single (Manager_operation _) as op) ->
-      Contents_list (Cons (content, op))
-  | Contents_list (Cons (_, _) as cont_list) ->
-      Contents_list (Cons (content, cont_list))
-  | _ -> assert false
-
-let host ?recompute_counters ?counter ?fee ?gas_limit ?storage_limit ctxt
-    ~(host : Contract.t) ~(guest : Contract.t) ~ops =
-  let open Lwt_result_syntax in
-  let* guest = Context.Contract.manager ctxt guest in
-  let* to_sign_op =
-    manager_operation
-      ~force_reveal:false
-      ?counter
-      ?fee
-      ?gas_limit
-      ?storage_limit
-      ~source:host
-      ctxt
-      (Host {guest = guest.pkh; guest_signature = Signature.zero})
-  in
-  match to_sign_op with
-  | Contents_list (Single (Manager_operation _ as op)) ->
-      let* ops = batch_operations ?recompute_counters ~source:host ctxt ops in
-      let {protocol_data = Operation_data {contents; _}; _} = ops in
-      let contents = Contents_list contents in
-      let batch = append_manager_contents op contents in
-      let guest_signature = raw_sign guest.sk (Context.branch ctxt) batch in
-      let (Manager_operation op) = op in
-      let op =
-        Manager_operation
-          {op with operation = Host {guest = guest.pkh; guest_signature}}
-      in
-      let contents = append_manager_contents op contents in
-      let* host_account = Context.Contract.manager ctxt host in
-      return @@ sign host_account.sk (Context.branch ctxt) contents
-  | _ -> assert false
-
 module Micheline = Micheline
diff --git a/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/test/helpers/op.mli b/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/test/helpers/op.mli
index 33c25d87c9635f649da3d4720340e60bc6336780..28c88c7074598b6a58599627c0cab03ab9ab964e 100644
--- a/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/test/helpers/op.mli
+++ b/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/test/helpers/op.mli
@@ -670,20 +670,4 @@ val zk_rollup_update :
   update:Zk_rollup.Update.t ->
   Operation.packed tzresult Lwt.t
 
-(** [host ctxt ~host ~guest ~ops] takes a list of operations to sponsor,
-    and creates a new batched operation by appending a host operation before it.
-    The initial batch is signed by [guest], the signature is included in
-    the [Host] manager operation, and the full batch is signed by [host]. *)
-val host :
-  ?recompute_counters:bool ->
-  ?counter:Manager_counter.t ->
-  ?fee:Tez.t ->
-  ?gas_limit:gas_limit ->
-  ?storage_limit:Z.t ->
-  Context.t ->
-  host:Contract.t ->
-  guest:Contract.t ->
-  ops:packed_operation list ->
-  packed_operation tzresult Lwt.t
-
 module Micheline = Micheline
diff --git a/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/test/integration/operations/dune b/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/test/integration/operations/dune
index 74d09139226ca4146d13807e6c19b7e38993c2d7..6c9cc4be1dceec8eb3843ca03e0d75349659a68b 100644
--- a/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/test/integration/operations/dune
+++ b/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/test/integration/operations/dune
@@ -37,8 +37,7 @@
   test_transfer
   test_voting
   test_zk_rollup
-  test_transfer_ticket
-  test_host_operation))
+  test_transfer_ticket))
 
 (executable
  (name main)
diff --git a/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/test/integration/operations/test_combined_operations.ml b/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/test/integration/operations/test_combined_operations.ml
index eeded037bf02c7b2c426de42305b6a0f33b3643b..297cbafffdc33d1a0542613ad9a3e56d2f2cb003 100644
--- a/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/test/integration/operations/test_combined_operations.ml
+++ b/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/test/integration/operations/test_combined_operations.ml
@@ -28,21 +28,22 @@
     Component:  Protocol (combined operations)
     Invocation: dune exec src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/test/integration/operations/main.exe \
                   -- --file test_combined_operations.ml
-    Subject:    Multiple operations can be grouped in one ensuring their
-                deterministic application.
 
-                Only manager operations are allowed in batches of more
-                than one operation. This file only tests batches where
-                all operations belong to the same manager. See
-                {!Test_host_operation} for tests involving multiple
-                managers.
+    Subject:    Multiple manager operations can be grouped in one
+                batch, ensuring their ordered and atomic application
+                (that is, either they all succeed, or none of them is
+                applied).
 
-                For single-manager batches, if an invalid operation is
-                present in this group of operations then the
-                previously applied operations are backtracked, leaving
-                the context unchanged, and the following operations
-                are skipped. Fees attributed to the operations are
-                collected by the baker nonetheless.
+                More precisely, if any operation in the batch fails at
+                application time, then the previously applied
+                operations are backtracked, leaving the context
+                unchanged, and the remaining operations are
+                skipped. However, note that the fees for the batch are
+                collected by the baker regardless of the success or
+                failure of the application of the batch.
+
+                All manager operations in a batch must have the same
+                source.
 
                 There may be overlap with
                 [lib_protocol/test/integration/validate/test_validation_batch.ml].
diff --git a/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/test/integration/operations/test_host_operation.ml b/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/test/integration/operations/test_host_operation.ml
deleted file mode 100644
index 703603836dfb9b51843de1c252981e8136b1da13..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--- a/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/test/integration/operations/test_host_operation.ml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,589 +0,0 @@
-(*****************************************************************************)
-(*                                                                           *)
-(* SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT                                              *)
-(* Copyright (c) 2024 Marigold <contact@marigold.dev>                        *)
-(* Copyright (c) 2024 Nomadic Labs, <contact@nomadic-labs.com>               *)
-(*                                                                           *)
-(*****************************************************************************)
-
-open Protocol
-open Alpha_context
-open Validate_errors.Manager
-
-(** Testing
-    -------
-    Component:    Host operation
-    Invocation:   dune exec src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/test/integration/operations/main.exe \
-                   -- --file test_host_operation.ml
-
-    Subject:      Test the host manager operation, which allows a manager
-                  operation batch to contain multiple sources.
-*)
-
-(** Helpers *)
-
-let default_constants =
-  let open Constants_helpers.Set in
-  Context.default_test_constants
-  |> sponsored_operations_enable true
-  |> consensus_threshold 0 |> origination_size 0
-  |> Issuance_weights.base_total_issued_per_minute Tez.zero
-  |> liquidity_baking_subsidy Tez.zero
-
-let context_init ?(constants = default_constants) n =
-  Context.init_with_constants_n constants n
-
-let context_init_1 ?constants () =
-  let open Lwt_result_syntax in
-  let* r = context_init ?constants 1 in
-  match r with b, [c1] -> return (b, c1) | _ -> assert false
-
-let context_init_2 ?constants () =
-  let open Lwt_result_syntax in
-  let* r = context_init ?constants 2 in
-  match r with b, [c1; c2] -> return (b, (c1, c2)) | _ -> assert false
-
-let context_init_3 ?constants () =
-  let open Lwt_result_syntax in
-  let* r = context_init ?constants 3 in
-  match r with b, [c1; c2; c3] -> return (b, (c1, c2, c3)) | _ -> assert false
-
-let context_init_4 ?constants () =
-  let open Lwt_result_syntax in
-  let* r = context_init ?constants 4 in
-  match r with
-  | b, [c1; c2; c3; c4] -> return (b, (c1, c2, c3, c4))
-  | _ -> assert false
-
-let originate_contract ~b source =
-  let open Lwt_result_syntax in
-  let local_fact_path = "../michelson/contracts/rec_fact.tz" in
-  let root_fact_path =
-    "./src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/test/integration/michelson/contracts/rec_fact.tz"
-  in
-  let resolved_fact_path =
-    if Sys.file_exists local_fact_path then local_fact_path else root_fact_path
-  in
-  let contract = Contract_helpers.load_script ~storage:"0" resolved_fact_path in
-  let* op, c = Op.contract_origination (B b) ~script:contract source in
-  let* b = Block.bake b ~operation:op in
-  return (b, c)
-
-let validate_single_operation ?expect_failure c op =
-  let open Lwt_result_syntax in
-  let* inc =
-    match c with
-    | Context.B b -> Incremental.begin_construction b
-    | I i -> return i
-  in
-  Incremental.validate_operation ?expect_failure inc op
-
-let pp_operation fmt (op : packed_operation) =
-  Format.fprintf
-    fmt
-    "%a@."
-    Data_encoding.Json.pp
-    (Data_encoding.Json.construct Operation.encoding op)
-
-(** Injects a standalone [Host] operation (with no guest operations):
-    {
-    Hosted by [host]
-    }
-
-    Expects: [Sponsored_transaction_feature_disabled].
-    Note: this batch would NOT be valid even if the feature flag were enabled
-    (but the validation error would be different).
- *)
-let test_disable_feature_flag () =
-  let open Lwt_result_syntax in
-  let* b, (host, guest) =
-    Context.init2 ~consensus_threshold:0 ~sponsored_operations_enable:false ()
-  in
-  let ctxt = Context.B b in
-  let* guest = Context.Contract.manager ctxt guest in
-  let* to_sign_op =
-    Op.manager_operation
-      ~source:host
-      ctxt
-      (Host {guest = guest.pkh; guest_signature = Signature.zero})
-  in
-  let* account = Context.Contract.manager ctxt host in
-  let op = Op.sign account.sk (Context.branch ctxt) to_sign_op in
-  let*! b = Block.bake ~operation:op b in
-  Assert.proto_error ~loc:__LOC__ b (function
-      | Sponsored_transaction_feature_disabled -> true
-      | _ -> false)
-
-(** Injects one [batch] :
-    {
-    Hosted by [host]
-      {
-        [guest] calls [Op.dummy_script]
-      }
-    }
-
-    Expects: [Sponsored_transaction_feature_disabled].
-    Note: this operation would be valid if the feature flag were enabled.
- *)
-let test_disable_feature_flag_simple_batch () =
-  let open Lwt_result_syntax in
-  let* b, (host, guest) =
-    Context.init2 ~consensus_threshold:0 ~sponsored_operations_enable:false ()
-  in
-  let fee = Tez_helpers.of_int 10 in
-  let* op, contract =
-    Op.contract_origination (B b) host ~fee ~script:Op.dummy_script
-  in
-  let* b = Block.bake b ~operation:op in
-  let* op1 = Op.transaction (B b) ~fee guest contract Tez.zero in
-  let* batch = Op.host (B b) ~host ~guest ~ops:[op1] in
-  let*! b = Block.bake ~operation:batch b in
-  Assert.proto_error ~loc:__LOC__ b (function
-      | Sponsored_transaction_feature_disabled -> true
-      | _ -> false)
-
-(** Host operation is not the first operation of a batch
-    { // the following operations are baked in one block
-    [other_contract] calls [Op.dummy_script];
-    { // the batch for [host] starts here
-    [host] transfers 50 tez to [other_contract];
-    Hosted by [host]
-     {
-        [guest] calls [Op.dummy_script]
-     }
-    }
-    }
-
-    Expects: [Sponsored_transaction_feature_disabled].
-    Note: the sponsored batch would be valid if the feature flag were enabled.
- *)
-let test_disable_feature_flag_complex_batch () =
-  let open Lwt_result_syntax in
-  let* b, (host, guest, other_contract) =
-    Context.init3 ~consensus_threshold:0 ~sponsored_operations_enable:false ()
-  in
-  let fee = Tez_helpers.of_int 10 in
-  let* op, contract =
-    Op.contract_origination (B b) host ~fee ~script:Op.dummy_script
-  in
-  let* b = Block.bake b ~operation:op in
-  let* op1 =
-    Op.transaction (B b) ~fee host other_contract (Tez_helpers.of_int 50)
-  in
-  let* op2 = Op.transaction (B b) ~fee other_contract contract Tez.zero in
-  let* op3 = Op.transaction (B b) ~fee guest contract Tez.zero in
-  let* op4 = Op.host (B b) ~host ~guest ~ops:[op3] in
-  let* batch = Op.batch_operations ~source:host (B b) [op1; op4] in
-  let*! b = Block.bake ~operations:[op2; batch] b in
-  Assert.proto_error ~loc:__LOC__ b (function
-      | Sponsored_transaction_feature_disabled -> true
-      | _ -> false)
-
-(** Validation KO: Source consistency *)
-
-(** Guest = Sponsor
-
-    Test that a sponsor cannot be a guest.
-
-    Expects: [Guest_is_sponsor].
- *)
-let test_guest_equal_sponsor () =
-  let open Lwt_result_syntax in
-  let* b, host = context_init_1 () in
-  let* b, fact = originate_contract ~b host in
-  let* host_counter = Context.Contract.counter (B b) host in
-  let* op1 =
-    Op.transaction
-      (B b)
-      ~counter:Manager_counter.(succ host_counter)
-      host
-      fact
-      Tez.zero
-  in
-  let* batch = Op.host (B b) ~host ~guest:host ~ops:[op1] in
-  let*! r = validate_single_operation (B b) batch in
-  Assert.proto_error ~loc:__LOC__ r (function
-      | Guest_is_sponsor pkh ->
-          Signature.Public_key_hash.(pkh = Account.pkh_of_contract_exn host)
-      | _ -> false)
-
-(** Same guest twice
-
-    Test that a sponsor cannot include two batches from a same guest.
-
-    Expects: [Sponsored_transaction_source_hosted_twice].
- *)
-let test_same_guest_twice () =
-  let open Lwt_result_syntax in
-  let* b, (host, guest) = context_init_2 () in
-  let* b, fact = originate_contract ~b host in
-  let* op1 =
-    Op.transaction (B b) guest fact Tez.zero ~fee:Tez_helpers.one_mutez
-  in
-  let* batch1 = Op.host (B b) ~host ~guest ~ops:[op1] in
-  let* op2 =
-    Op.transaction (B b) guest fact Tez.zero ~fee:Tez_helpers.one_cent
-  in
-  let* batch2 = Op.host (B b) ~host ~guest ~ops:[op2] in
-  let* operation =
-    Op.batch_operations
-      ~recompute_counters:true
-      ~source:host
-      (B b)
-      [batch1; batch2]
-  in
-  let guest_pkh = Account.pkh_of_contract_exn guest in
-  let*! r = validate_single_operation (B b) operation in
-  Assert.proto_error ~loc:__LOC__ r (function
-      | Guest_hosted_twice {guest} ->
-          Signature.Public_key_hash.(guest = guest_pkh)
-      | _ -> false)
-
-(** Wrong source for the host
-
-    Tests that an operation cannot have two different sponsors.
-
-    Expects: [Inconsistent_sources].
- *)
-let test_wrong_source_for_host () =
-  let open Lwt_result_syntax in
-  let* b, (host1, host2, guest1, guest2) = context_init_4 () in
-  let* b, fact = originate_contract ~b host1 in
-  let* op1 =
-    Op.transaction (B b) guest1 fact Tez.zero ~fee:Tez_helpers.one_mutez
-  in
-  let* batch1 = Op.host (B b) ~host:host1 ~guest:guest1 ~ops:[op1] in
-  let* op2 =
-    Op.transaction (B b) guest2 fact Tez.zero ~fee:Tez_helpers.one_cent
-  in
-  let* batch2 = Op.host (B b) ~host:host2 ~guest:guest2 ~ops:[op2] in
-  let* operation =
-    Op.batch_operations
-      ~recompute_counters:true
-      ~source:host1
-      (B b)
-      [batch1; batch2]
-  in
-  let* (_ : Incremental.t) =
-    let expect_failure =
-      Error_helpers.expect_inconsistent_sources
-        ~loc:__LOC__
-        ~first_source:host1
-        ~source:host2
-    in
-    validate_single_operation ~expect_failure (B b) operation
-  in
-  (* Now signed by host2. *)
-  let* operation =
-    Op.batch_operations
-      ~recompute_counters:true
-      ~source:host2
-      (B b)
-      [batch1; batch2]
-  in
-  let* (_ : Incremental.t) =
-    let expect_failure =
-      Error_helpers.expect_inconsistent_sources
-        ~loc:__LOC__
-        ~first_source:host1
-        ~source:host2
-    in
-    validate_single_operation ~expect_failure (B b) operation
-  in
-  return_unit
-
-(** Guest operation before host operation
-
-    Tests that a guest operation cannot occur before a host operation.
-
-    Expects: [Inconsistent_sources].
- *)
-let test_guest_operation_before_host () =
-  let open Lwt_result_syntax in
-  let* b, (host, guest) = context_init_2 () in
-  let* b, fact = originate_contract ~b host in
-  let* op1 =
-    Op.transaction (B b) guest fact Tez.zero ~fee:Tez_helpers.one_mutez
-  in
-  let* op2 =
-    Op.transaction (B b) guest fact Tez.zero ~fee:Tez_helpers.one_cent
-  in
-  let* batch = Op.host (B b) ~host ~guest ~ops:[op2] in
-  (* Whole batch is signed by the host *)
-  let* operation =
-    Op.batch_operations ~recompute_counters:true ~source:host (B b) [op1; batch]
-  in
-  let* (_ : Incremental.t) =
-    let expect_failure =
-      Error_helpers.expect_inconsistent_sources
-        ~loc:__LOC__
-        ~first_source:guest
-        ~source:host
-    in
-    validate_single_operation ~expect_failure (B b) operation
-  in
-  (* Whole batch is signed by the guest *)
-  let* operation =
-    Op.batch_operations
-      ~recompute_counters:true
-      ~source:guest
-      (B b)
-      [op1; batch]
-  in
-  let* (_ : Incremental.t) =
-    let expect_failure =
-      Error_helpers.expect_inconsistent_sources
-        ~loc:__LOC__
-        ~first_source:guest
-        ~source:host
-    in
-    validate_single_operation ~expect_failure (B b) operation
-  in
-  return_unit
-
-(** Unexpected guest in hosted guest batch
-
-    Tests that an unexpected guest is not allowed.
-
-    Expects: [Guest_operation_wrong_source].
- *)
-let test_unexpected_guest_in_batch () =
-  let open Lwt_result_syntax in
-  let* b, (host, unexpected_guest, expected_guest) = context_init_3 () in
-  let* b, fact = originate_contract ~b host in
-  let* op =
-    Op.transaction
-      (B b)
-      unexpected_guest
-      fact
-      Tez.zero
-      ~fee:Tez_helpers.one_mutez
-  in
-  let* batch = Op.host (B b) ~host ~guest:expected_guest ~ops:[op] in
-  let* (_ : Incremental.t) =
-    let expect_failure =
-      Error_helpers.expect_guest_operation_wrong_source
-        ~loc:__LOC__
-        ~guest:expected_guest
-        ~unexpected_source:unexpected_guest
-    in
-    validate_single_operation ~expect_failure (B b) batch
-  in
-  return_unit
-
-(** No sponsor operation in a guest subbatch
-
-    Tests when a sponsor operation is the first or last operation in a guest subbatch.
-
-    Expects: [Guest_operation_wrong_source].
-*)
-let test_no_sponsor_operation_in_guest_subbatch () =
-  let open Lwt_result_syntax in
-  let* b, (host, guest) = context_init_2 () in
-  let* b, fact = originate_contract ~b host in
-  let* op_host = Op.transaction (B b) host fact Tez.zero in
-  let* op_guest = Op.transaction (B b) guest fact Tez.zero in
-  let* batch = Op.host (B b) ~host ~guest ~ops:[op_host; op_guest] in
-  let* batch =
-    Op.batch_operations (B b) ~recompute_counters:true ~source:host [batch]
-  in
-  let* (_ : Incremental.t) =
-    let expect_failure =
-      Error_helpers.expect_guest_operation_wrong_source
-        ~loc:__LOC__
-        ~guest
-        ~unexpected_source:host
-    in
-    validate_single_operation ~expect_failure (B b) batch
-  in
-  let* batch = Op.host (B b) ~host ~guest ~ops:[op_guest; op_host] in
-  let* batch =
-    Op.batch_operations (B b) ~recompute_counters:true ~source:host [batch]
-  in
-  let* (_ : Incremental.t) =
-    let expect_failure =
-      Error_helpers.expect_guest_operation_wrong_source
-        ~loc:__LOC__
-        ~guest
-        ~unexpected_source:host
-    in
-    validate_single_operation ~expect_failure (B b) batch
-  in
-  return_unit
-
-(** Counter consistency for sponsor counters *)
-
-(** Wrong counter in hosts operations
-
-    Tests that unexpected host counters make the operation invalid.
-
-    Expects: [Counter_in_the_future, Counter_in_the_past, Inconsistent_counters].
- *)
-let test_wrong_counter_in_hosts () =
-  let open Lwt_result_syntax in
-  let* b, (host, guest, guest') = context_init_3 () in
-  let* b, fact = originate_contract ~b host in
-  let* host_counter = Context.Contract.counter (B b) host in
-  let* guest'_counter = Context.Contract.counter (B b) guest' in
-  let* op =
-    Op.transaction (B b) guest fact Tez.zero ~fee:Tez_helpers.one_mutez
-  in
-  let mk_host ~guest ~op counter =
-    Op.host (B b) ~counter ~host ~guest ~ops:[op]
-  in
-  let* single_host_batch_counter_ahead =
-    mk_host ~guest ~op (Manager_counter.succ host_counter)
-  in
-  let*! r = validate_single_operation (B b) single_host_batch_counter_ahead in
-  let* () =
-    Assert.proto_error ~loc:__LOC__ r (function
-        | Contract_storage.Counter_in_the_future _ -> true
-        | _ -> false)
-  in
-  let* single_host_batch_counter_in_the_past =
-    mk_host ~guest ~op (Manager_counter.Internal_for_tests.of_int 0)
-  in
-  let*! r =
-    validate_single_operation (B b) single_host_batch_counter_in_the_past
-  in
-  let* () =
-    Assert.proto_error ~loc:__LOC__ r (function
-        | Contract_storage.Counter_in_the_past _ -> true
-        | _ -> false)
-  in
-  (* Test an invalid counter on the second host operation *)
-  let* op2 =
-    Op.transaction
-      (B b)
-      guest'
-      ~counter:(Manager_counter.succ guest'_counter)
-      fact
-      Tez.zero
-      ~fee:Tez_helpers.one_mutez
-  in
-  let* host1 = mk_host ~guest ~op host_counter in
-  let* host2 =
-    mk_host ~guest:guest' ~op:op2 Manager_counter.(succ (succ host_counter))
-  in
-  let* batch = Op.batch_operations (B b) ~source:host [host1; host2] in
-  let* (_ : Incremental.t) =
-    let expect_failure =
-      Error_helpers.expect_inconsistent_counters
-        ~loc:__LOC__
-        ~source:host
-        ~previous_counter:(Manager_counter.succ host_counter)
-        ~counter:Manager_counter.(succ (succ (succ host_counter)))
-    in
-    validate_single_operation ~expect_failure (B b) batch
-  in
-  return_unit
-
-(** Wrong counter in host operations after sponsor tx
-
-    Expects: [Inconsistent_counters].
- *)
-let test_bad_host_counter_after_sponsor_tx () =
-  let open Lwt_result_syntax in
-  let* b, (host, guest, guest') = context_init_3 () in
-  let* b, fact = originate_contract ~b host in
-  let* op_host =
-    Op.transaction (B b) host fact Tez.zero ~fee:Tez_helpers.one_mutez
-  in
-  let* op_guest =
-    Op.transaction (B b) guest fact Tez.zero ~fee:Tez_helpers.one_mutez
-  in
-  let bad_counter = Manager_counter.Internal_for_tests.(of_int 1000) in
-  let* host1 =
-    Op.host (B b) ~counter:bad_counter ~host ~guest ~ops:[op_guest]
-  in
-  let* op_guest' =
-    Op.transaction (B b) guest' fact Tez.zero ~fee:Tez_helpers.one_mutez
-  in
-  let* host2 =
-    Op.host
-      (B b)
-      ~counter:Manager_counter.(succ bad_counter)
-      ~host
-      ~guest:guest'
-      ~ops:[op_guest']
-  in
-  let* batched_op =
-    Op.batch_operations (B b) ~source:host [op_host; host1; host2]
-  in
-  let* (_ : Incremental.t) =
-    let* host_counter = Context.Contract.counter (B b) host in
-    let expect_failure =
-      Error_helpers.expect_inconsistent_counters
-        ~loc:__LOC__
-        ~source:host
-        ~previous_counter:(Manager_counter.succ host_counter)
-        ~counter:(Manager_counter.succ bad_counter)
-    in
-    validate_single_operation ~expect_failure (B b) batched_op
-  in
-  return_unit
-
-(** Counter consistency for guest counters *)
-
-(** Test guest counters for consistency
-
-    Expects: [Inconsistent_counters].
- *)
-let test_wrong_counter_in_guest_operations () =
-  let open Lwt_result_syntax in
-  let* b, (host, guest) = context_init_2 () in
-  let* b, fact = originate_contract ~b host in
-  let* guest_counter = Context.Contract.counter (B b) guest in
-  let* op1 = Op.transaction (B b) guest fact Tez.zero ~fee:Tez.one_cent in
-  let* op2 =
-    Op.transaction
-      ~counter:Manager_counter.(succ (succ guest_counter))
-      (B b)
-      guest
-      fact
-      Tez.zero
-      ~fee:Tez.one_mutez
-  in
-  let* batch = Op.host (B b) ~host ~guest ~ops:[op1; op2] in
-  let* (_ : Incremental.t) =
-    let expect_failure =
-      Error_helpers.expect_inconsistent_counters
-        ~loc:__LOC__
-        ~source:guest
-        ~previous_counter:(Manager_counter.succ guest_counter)
-        ~counter:Manager_counter.(succ (succ (succ guest_counter)))
-    in
-    validate_single_operation ~expect_failure (B b) batch
-  in
-  return_unit
-
-let tests =
-  let open Tztest in
-  List.map
-    (fun (s, f) -> tztest s `Quick f)
-    [
-      ( "Check feature flag is disabled (Host operation alone)",
-        test_disable_feature_flag );
-      ( "Check feature flag is disabled (simple valid batch)",
-        test_disable_feature_flag_simple_batch );
-      ( "Check feature flag is disabled (complex valid batch)",
-        test_disable_feature_flag_complex_batch );
-      ("Validation KO: guest equal sponsor", test_guest_equal_sponsor);
-      ("Validation KO: same guest twice", test_same_guest_twice);
-      ("Validation KO: test wrong source for host", test_wrong_source_for_host);
-      ( "Validation KO: test guest operation before host",
-        test_guest_operation_before_host );
-      ( "Validation KO: test unexpected guest in batch",
-        test_unexpected_guest_in_batch );
-      ( "Validation KO: no sponsor operation in guest subbatch",
-        test_no_sponsor_operation_in_guest_subbatch );
-      ("Validation KO: wrong counter in hosts", test_wrong_counter_in_hosts);
-      ( "Validation KO: bad host counter after sponsor tx",
-        test_bad_host_counter_after_sponsor_tx );
-      ( "Validation KO: wrong counter in guest operations",
-        test_wrong_counter_in_guest_operations );
-    ]
-
-let () =
-  Alcotest_lwt.run ~__FILE__ Protocol.name [("Host operation", tests)]
-  |> Lwt_main.run
diff --git a/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/test/integration/validate/test_sanity.ml b/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/test/integration/validate/test_sanity.ml
index 612d0ea0cedb60f2e411f74c173ba0aa1d8aa091..ca7954b2728b38de1d8269ba392b6f4605126c0d 100644
--- a/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/test/integration/validate/test_sanity.ml
+++ b/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/test/integration/validate/test_sanity.ml
@@ -73,8 +73,7 @@ let ensure_kind infos kind =
           | Sc_rollup_add_messages _ | Sc_rollup_refute _ | Sc_rollup_timeout _
           | Sc_rollup_execute_outbox_message _ | Sc_rollup_recover_bond _
           | Dal_publish_commitment _ | Zk_rollup_origination _
-          | Zk_rollup_publish _ | Zk_rollup_update _
-          | Host _ (* TODO: https://gitlab.com/tezos/tezos/-/issues/7139 *) ),
+          | Zk_rollup_publish _ | Zk_rollup_update _ ),
           _ ) ->
           assert false)
   | Single _ -> assert false
diff --git a/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/validate.ml b/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/validate.ml
index 6eab910c8f7277f1a3c922b9860af47b9dbfea87..726cc48694a968dd199b291103262f25360bda3d 100644
--- a/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/validate.ml
+++ b/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/validate.ml
@@ -1835,13 +1835,13 @@ module Manager = struct
         let* acc = f init (Elt contents) in
         batch_fold_left_e ~f ~init:acc ~batch:tail
 
-  let check_source_is_fee_payer ~fee_payer ~source =
+  let check_source ~expected_source ~source =
     Option.iter_e
-      (fun fee_payer ->
+      (fun expected_source ->
         error_unless
-          (Signature.Public_key_hash.equal source fee_payer)
-          (Inconsistent_sources {fee_payer; source}))
-      fee_payer
+          (Signature.Public_key_hash.equal source expected_source)
+          (Inconsistent_sources {expected_source; source}))
+      expected_source
 
   let check_counter ~previous_counter ~counter ~source =
     Option.iter_e
@@ -1853,25 +1853,12 @@ module Manager = struct
 
   (** Used in [check_consistency] below. *)
   type consistency_state = {
-    fee_payer : public_key_hash option;
+    source : public_key_hash option;
         (** [None] while checking the first operation in the batch,
-            then the source of the first operation in the batch, who
-            will pay the fees for the whole batch. *)
-    fee_payer_previous_counter : Manager_counter.t option;
+            then the source of the first operation in the batch. *)
+    previous_counter : Manager_counter.t option;
         (** [None] while checking the first operation in the batch,
-            then the counter of the last encountered operation from
-            [fee_payer]. *)
-    current_guest : public_key_hash option;
-        (** [None] if no [Host] operations have been encountered, else
-            the guest indicated inside the last encountered [Host]
-            operation. *)
-    current_guest_previous_counter : Manager_counter.t option;
-        (** [None] when [current_guest] is [None], or when no
-            operations with source [current_guest] have been
-            encountered yet. Otherwise, contains the counter of the
-            last seen operation from [current_guest]. *)
-    previous_guests : Signature.Public_key_hash.Set.t;
-        (** Set of all the guests seen inside [Host] operations. *)
+            then the counter of the last encountered operation. *)
   }
 
   (** Checks that a batch of manager operations is well-formed.
@@ -1884,252 +1871,64 @@ module Manager = struct
 
       Accordingly, all potential errors here should be [`Permanent].
 
-      {b Source consistency -- first source aka fee payer aka sponsor}
+      {b Source consistency}
 
-      - The source of the very first operation in the batch (which may
-      or may not be a [Host] operation) is called the [fee_payer],
-      because it will pay the fees for all the operations in the
-      batch, regardless of their own sources. The [fee_payer] is also
-      known as the {i sponsor} or {i host} of the batch.
-
-      - All [Host] operations in the batch must have the [fee_payer]
-      as their source.
-
-      - Any operations before the first [Host] operation must also
-      have the [fee_payer] as their source.
-
-      In particular, note that if a batch contains no [Host]
-      operations, then all its operations must have the [fee_payer] as
-      their source. In other words, a non-sponsored batch always has a
-      single source (who obviously pays all the fees).
-
-      {b Source consistency -- guests}
-
-      - After a [Host {guest; _}] operation, all operations must have
-      [guest] as their source, until the next [Host] operation is
-      encountered or the batch ends.
-
-      - The same guest must not appear in two separate [Host]
-      operations.
-
-      - The [fee_payer] must not appear as guest in a [Host]
-      operation.
+      All operations in the batch must have the same source.
 
       {b Counter consistency}
 
-      The [counter] of an individual operation relates to the [source]
-      of this operation. For every source in the batch, all counters
-      associated with that source must be increasing and consecutive.
+      The counters must be increasing and consecutive.
 
       {b Reveal position}
 
-      A [Reveal] operation must always be either the very first
-      operation of the whole batch (in which case its source is the
-      [fee_payer] as specified above), or must come immediately after
-      a [Host] operation (in which case its source is the [Host]
-      operation's [guest]).
-
-      All other [Reveal] positions are forbidden.
+      A [Reveal] operation is only allowed if it is the very first
+      operation in the batch.
 
       ---
 
       This function can return the following errors:
 
-      - [Inconsistent_sources] when a [Host] operation, or an
-      operation before the first [Host] operation, has a source other
-      than [fee_payer].
+      - [Inconsistent_sources] when the batch contains multiple
+      sources.
 
-      - [Guest_operation_wrong_source] when an operation after a
-      [Host] operation has a source other than the guest.
+      - [Inconsistent_counters] when the counters are not increasing and consecutive.
 
-      - [Guest_hosted_twice] when the same guest appears in two [Host]
-      operations.
-
-      - [Guest_is_sponsor] when the [fee_payer] appears as guest in
-      a [Host] operation.
-
-      - [Inconsistent_counters] when the counters for a source
-      (whether it be the first source or a guest) are not consecutive.
-
-      - [Incorrect_reveal_position] when a [Reveal] operation is
-      neither the first operation of the whole batch, nor right after
-      a [Host] operation.
-  *)
+      - [Incorrect_reveal_position] when a [Reveal] operation is not
+      the first operation of the whole batch.  *)
   let check_consistency batch =
     let open Result_syntax in
-    let initial_state =
-      {
-        fee_payer = None;
-        fee_payer_previous_counter = None;
-        current_guest = None;
-        current_guest_previous_counter = None;
-        previous_guests = Signature.Public_key_hash.Set.empty;
-      }
-    in
-    let check_elt
-        {
-          fee_payer;
-          fee_payer_previous_counter;
-          current_guest;
-          current_guest_previous_counter;
-          previous_guests;
-        } (Elt (Manager_operation {source; counter; operation; _})) =
+    let initial_state = {source = None; previous_counter = None} in
+    let check_elt {source = expected_source; previous_counter}
+        (Elt (Manager_operation {source; counter; operation; _})) =
       (* Checks an individual operation of the batch. Relies on the
          given {!consistency_state} (see the type definition for
          invariants), and returns the appropriate {!consistency_state}
          for the next operation in the batch. *)
-      match operation with
-      | Host {guest; guest_signature = _} ->
-          let* () = check_source_is_fee_payer ~fee_payer ~source in
-          let* () =
-            check_counter
-              ~previous_counter:fee_payer_previous_counter
-              ~counter
-              ~source
-          in
-          let* () =
-            error_when
-              Signature.Public_key_hash.(guest = source)
-              (Guest_is_sponsor guest)
-          in
-          let* () =
-            error_when
-              (Signature.Public_key_hash.Set.mem guest previous_guests)
-              (Guest_hosted_twice {guest})
-          in
-          return
-            {
-              fee_payer = Some source;
-              fee_payer_previous_counter = Some counter;
-              current_guest = Some guest;
-              current_guest_previous_counter = None;
-              previous_guests =
-                Signature.Public_key_hash.Set.add guest previous_guests;
-            }
-      | _ (* Not a [Host] operation *) -> (
-          match current_guest with
-          | None ->
-              (* No [Host] operations have been encountered yet, so
-                 [source] must be the [fee_payer] of the batch. *)
-              let* () = check_source_is_fee_payer ~fee_payer ~source in
-              let* () =
-                check_counter
-                  ~previous_counter:fee_payer_previous_counter
-                  ~counter
-                  ~source
-              in
-              let* () =
-                match operation with
-                | Reveal _ -> (
-                    (* A [Reveal] operation is only allowed as either
-                       the first operation of the whole batch, or
-                       immediately after a [Host] operation.
-
-                       But we know that no [Host] operations have been
-                       encountered yet, so this [Reveal] isn't right
-                       after a [Host] operation.
-
-                       To check whether it is the first operation of
-                       the whole batch, we look at the [fee_payer]
-                       field. Indeed, the invariants of
-                       {!consistency_state} guarantee that [fee_payer]
-                       is [None] when checking the first operation,
-                       then [Some _] for other operations. *)
-                    match fee_payer with
-                    | None -> (* First op in the whole batch: OK *) return_unit
-                    | Some _ -> tzfail Incorrect_reveal_position)
-                | _ -> return_unit
-              in
-              return
-                {
-                  fee_payer = Some source;
-                  fee_payer_previous_counter = Some counter;
-                  current_guest;
-                  current_guest_previous_counter;
-                  previous_guests;
-                }
-          | Some guest ->
-              (* This means that the last encountered [Host] operation
-                 contained [guest].
-
-                 Moreover, recall that the current operation is not
-                 itself a [Host] operation, thanks to the outermost
-                 pattern matching.
-
-                 Therefore, the [source] must be [guest], and the
-                 [counter] is also [guest]'s. *)
-              let* () =
-                error_unless
-                  (Signature.Public_key_hash.equal source guest)
-                  (Guest_operation_wrong_source {guest; source})
-              in
-              let* () =
-                check_counter
-                  ~previous_counter:current_guest_previous_counter
-                  ~counter
-                  ~source
-              in
-              let* () =
-                match operation with
-                | Reveal _ -> (
-                    (* A [Reveal] operation is only allowed as either
-                       the first operation of the whole batch, or
-                       immediately after a [Host] operation.
-
-                       A [Host] operation has already been
-                       encountered, so this [Reveal] is not the first
-                       operation in the batch.
-
-                       To know whether it is right after a [Host]
-                       operation, we look at the
-                       [current_guest_previous_counter] field. Indeed,
-                       it is reset to [None] when a [Host] operation
-                       is encountered, then set to [Some _] after
-                       operations from the new guest have been
-                       seen. *)
-                    match current_guest_previous_counter with
-                    | None -> (* Right after a [Host] op: OK *) return_unit
-                    | Some _ -> tzfail (Guest_incorrect_reveal_position {guest})
-                    )
-                | _ -> return_unit
-              in
-              return
-                {
-                  fee_payer;
-                  fee_payer_previous_counter;
-                  current_guest;
-                  current_guest_previous_counter = Some counter;
-                  previous_guests;
-                })
+      let* () = check_source ~expected_source ~source in
+      let* () = check_counter ~previous_counter ~counter ~source in
+      let* () =
+        match operation with
+        | Reveal _ -> (
+            (* A [Reveal] operation is only allowed if it is
+               the first operation of the whole batch. The
+               invariants of {!consistency_state} guarantee
+               that [expected_source] is [None] if and only if
+               we are currently checking the first
+               operation. *)
+            match expected_source with
+            | None -> (* First op in the whole batch: OK *) return_unit
+            | Some _ -> tzfail Incorrect_reveal_position)
+        | _ -> return_unit
+      in
+      return {source = Some source; previous_counter = Some counter}
     in
     batch_fold_left_e ~f:check_elt ~init:initial_state ~batch
 
-  let assert_sponsored_operations_feature_enabled vi =
-    error_unless
-      (Constants.sponsored_operations_enable vi.ctxt)
-      Sponsored_transaction_feature_disabled
-
-  let rec check_for_hosted_ops :
-      type kind. _ -> kind Kind.manager contents_list -> unit tzresult =
-   fun vi contents_list ->
-    let open Result_syntax in
-    match contents_list with
-    | Single (Manager_operation {operation = Host _; _}) ->
-        assert_sponsored_operations_feature_enabled vi
-    | Single (Manager_operation _) -> return_unit
-    | Cons (Manager_operation {operation = Host _; _}, _) ->
-        assert_sponsored_operations_feature_enabled vi
-    | Cons (Manager_operation _, rest) -> check_for_hosted_ops vi rest
-
   (** Check a few simple properties of the batch, and return the
       initial {!batch_state} and the contract public key.
 
       Invariants checked:
 
-      - The feature flag for sponsored operations (ie fail if the
-      batch contains a [Host] operation but the feature flag is
-      disabled).
-
       - The batch is well formed: see {!check_consistency}.
 
       - The source's contract is allocated.
@@ -2146,7 +1945,6 @@ module Manager = struct
   let check_sanity_and_find_public_key vi (type kind)
       (contents_list : kind Kind.manager contents_list) =
     let open Lwt_result_syntax in
-    let*? () = check_for_hosted_ops vi contents_list in
     let*? (_ : consistency_state) = check_consistency contents_list in
     let source, first_counter =
       match contents_list with
@@ -2303,7 +2101,6 @@ module Manager = struct
         Dal_apply.validate_publish_commitment vi.ctxt slot_header
     | Zk_rollup_origination _ | Zk_rollup_publish _ | Zk_rollup_update _ ->
         assert_zk_rollup_feature_enabled vi
-    | Host _ -> assert_sponsored_operations_feature_enabled vi
 
   let check_contents (type kind) vi batch_state
       (contents : kind Kind.manager contents) ~consume_gas_for_sig_check
diff --git a/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/validate_errors.ml b/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/validate_errors.ml
index 73b4575935d1db09b13dc65b970b2ca65094aacd..47514dfb2c08a955f4f36e24364e58e883848c3e 100644
--- a/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/validate_errors.ml
+++ b/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/validate_errors.ml
@@ -1093,7 +1093,7 @@ module Manager = struct
         conflict : operation_conflict;
       }
     | Inconsistent_sources of {
-        fee_payer : public_key_hash;
+        expected_source : public_key_hash;
         source : public_key_hash;
       }
     | Inconsistent_counters of {
@@ -1107,14 +1107,6 @@ module Manager = struct
     | Sc_rollup_arith_pvm_disabled
     | Sc_rollup_riscv_pvm_disabled
     | Zk_rollup_feature_disabled
-    | Sponsored_transaction_feature_disabled
-    | Guest_operation_wrong_source of {
-        guest : public_key_hash;
-        source : public_key_hash;
-      }
-    | Guest_hosted_twice of {guest : public_key_hash}
-    | Guest_is_sponsor of public_key_hash
-    | Guest_incorrect_reveal_position of {guest : public_key_hash}
 
   let () =
     register_error_kind
@@ -1145,32 +1137,25 @@ module Manager = struct
       ~id:"validate.operation.inconsistent_sources"
       ~title:"Inconsistent sources in operation batch"
       ~description:
-        "Unexpected source encountered in a non-guest operation of a batch."
-      ~pp:(fun ppf (first_source, source) ->
-        Format.fprintf
-          ppf
-          "Unexpected source encountered in a non-guest operation. Expected %a \
-           (the source of the very first operation in the batch, who is the \
-           fee payer, a.k.a. the sponsor), but got %a."
-          Signature.Public_key_hash.pp
-          first_source
-          Signature.Public_key_hash.pp
-          source)
+        "Inconsistent sources in operation batch. All operations in a batch \
+         must have the same source."
       Data_encoding.(
         obj2
           (req "first_source" Signature.Public_key_hash.encoding)
           (req "unexpected_source" Signature.Public_key_hash.encoding))
       (function
-        | Inconsistent_sources {fee_payer; source} -> Some (fee_payer, source)
+        | Inconsistent_sources {expected_source; source} ->
+            Some (expected_source, source)
         | _ -> None)
-      (fun (fee_payer, source) -> Inconsistent_sources {fee_payer; source}) ;
+      (fun (expected_source, source) ->
+        Inconsistent_sources {expected_source; source}) ;
     register_error_kind
       `Permanent
       ~id:"validate.operation.inconsistent_counters"
       ~title:"Inconsistent counters in operation"
       ~description:
-        "Inconsistent counters in operation batch. Counters for the same \
-         source must be consecutive."
+        "Inconsistent counters in operation batch. Counters must be increasing \
+         and consecutive."
       ~pp:(fun ppf (source, previous_counter, counter) ->
         Format.fprintf
           ppf
@@ -1193,8 +1178,8 @@ module Manager = struct
       (fun (source, previous_counter, counter) ->
         Inconsistent_counters {source; previous_counter; counter}) ;
     let incorrect_reveal_description =
-      "Incorrect reveal operation position in batch: revelation of the fee \
-       payer's public key is only allowed in first position."
+      "Incorrect reveal operation position in batch: only allowed in first \
+       position."
     in
     register_error_kind
       `Permanent
@@ -1270,95 +1255,7 @@ module Manager = struct
       ~pp:(fun ppf () -> Format.fprintf ppf "%s" zkru_disabled_description)
       Data_encoding.unit
       (function Zk_rollup_feature_disabled -> Some () | _ -> None)
-      (fun () -> Zk_rollup_feature_disabled) ;
-
-    let sptx_disabled =
-      "Sponsored transactions will be enabled in a future proposal."
-    in
-    register_error_kind
-      `Permanent
-      ~id:"validate.operation.sponsored_transactions_disabled"
-      ~title:"Sponsored transactions are disabled"
-      ~description:sptx_disabled
-      ~pp:(fun ppf () -> Format.fprintf ppf "%s" sptx_disabled)
-      Data_encoding.unit
-      (function Sponsored_transaction_feature_disabled -> Some () | _ -> None)
-      (fun () -> Sponsored_transaction_feature_disabled) ;
-    register_error_kind
-      `Permanent
-      ~id:"validate.operation.guest_operation_wrong_source"
-      ~title:"Wrong source in guest operation"
-      ~description:
-        "The source of an operation does not match the last hosted guest in \
-         the batch."
-      ~pp:(fun ppf (guest, source) ->
-        Format.fprintf
-          ppf
-          "Found an operation with source %a at a position where the source \
-           should be the last hosted guest: %a."
-          Signature.Public_key_hash.pp
-          source
-          Signature.Public_key_hash.pp
-          guest)
-      Data_encoding.(
-        obj2
-          (req "current_guest" Signature.Public_key_hash.encoding)
-          (req "wrong_source" Signature.Public_key_hash.encoding))
-      (function
-        | Guest_operation_wrong_source {guest; source} -> Some (guest, source)
-        | _ -> None)
-      (fun (guest, source) -> Guest_operation_wrong_source {guest; source}) ;
-    register_error_kind
-      `Permanent
-      ~id:"validate.operation.guest_hosted_twice"
-      ~title:"Guest hosted twice"
-      ~description:"The same guest is hosted twice in the same sponsored batch."
-      ~pp:(fun ppf guest ->
-        Format.fprintf
-          ppf
-          "Guest %a is hosted twice."
-          Signature.Public_key_hash.pp
-          guest)
-      Data_encoding.(obj1 (req "guest" Signature.Public_key_hash.encoding))
-      (function Guest_hosted_twice {guest} -> Some guest | _ -> None)
-      (fun guest -> Guest_hosted_twice {guest}) ;
-    register_error_kind
-      `Permanent
-      ~id:"validate.operation.guest_is_sponsor"
-      ~title:"Guest is sponsor"
-      ~description:"The sponsor also appears as a guest."
-      ~pp:(fun ppf pkh ->
-        Format.fprintf
-          ppf
-          "The sponsor %a also appears as a guest."
-          Signature.Public_key_hash.pp
-          pkh)
-      Data_encoding.(
-        obj1 (req "sponsor_and_guest" Signature.Public_key_hash.encoding))
-      (function Guest_is_sponsor pkh -> Some pkh | _ -> None)
-      (fun pkh -> Guest_is_sponsor pkh) ;
-    register_error_kind
-      `Permanent
-      ~id:"validate.operation.guest_incorrect_reveal_position"
-      ~title:"Incorrect guest reveal position"
-      ~description:
-        "Incorrect position of a Reveal operation for a guest in the sponsored \
-         batch. A guest Reveal operation is only allowed as the first \
-         operation from this guest, that is, right after the Host operation \
-         introducing this guest."
-      ~pp:(fun ppf guest ->
-        Format.fprintf
-          ppf
-          "Incorrect position of a Reveal operation for guest %a in the \
-           sponsored batch. A guest Reveal operation is only allowed as the \
-           first operation from this guest, that is, right after the Host \
-           operation introducing this guest."
-          Signature.Public_key_hash.pp
-          guest)
-      Data_encoding.(obj1 (req "guest" Signature.Public_key_hash.encoding))
-      (function
-        | Guest_incorrect_reveal_position {guest} -> Some guest | _ -> None)
-      (fun guest -> Guest_incorrect_reveal_position {guest})
+      (fun () -> Zk_rollup_feature_disabled)
 end
 
 type error += Failing_noop_error
diff --git a/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/validate_errors.mli b/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/validate_errors.mli
index 589ffc88b4e59766362d60f708e3361096298934..b3f7956f56ea7cc1589a6a43eae5248b02eb780c 100644
--- a/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/validate_errors.mli
+++ b/src/proto_alpha/lib_protocol/validate_errors.mli
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ module Manager : sig
         conflict : operation_conflict;
       }
     | Inconsistent_sources of {
-        fee_payer : public_key_hash;
+        expected_source : public_key_hash;
         source : public_key_hash;
       }
     | Inconsistent_counters of {
@@ -198,14 +198,6 @@ module Manager : sig
     | Sc_rollup_arith_pvm_disabled
     | Sc_rollup_riscv_pvm_disabled
     | Zk_rollup_feature_disabled
-    | Sponsored_transaction_feature_disabled
-    | Guest_operation_wrong_source of {
-        guest : public_key_hash;
-        source : public_key_hash;
-      }
-    | Guest_hosted_twice of {guest : public_key_hash}
-    | Guest_is_sponsor of public_key_hash
-    | Guest_incorrect_reveal_position of {guest : public_key_hash}
 end
 
 type error += Failing_noop_error
diff --git a/src/proto_alpha/lib_sc_rollup_node/daemon_helpers.ml b/src/proto_alpha/lib_sc_rollup_node/daemon_helpers.ml
index 5e5496569043a91f0c03f6b8e6068ab73f9278cf..8a0da88b0c8a1c131ea7bc5016c47f8332e612c2 100644
--- a/src/proto_alpha/lib_sc_rollup_node/daemon_helpers.ml
+++ b/src/proto_alpha/lib_sc_rollup_node/daemon_helpers.ml
@@ -294,8 +294,7 @@ let process_l1_operation (type kind) ~catching_up node_ctxt
     | Reveal _ | Transaction _ | Origination _ | Delegation _
     | Update_consensus_key _ | Register_global_constant _ | Set_deposits_limit _
     | Increase_paid_storage _ | Transfer_ticket _ | Sc_rollup_originate _
-    | Zk_rollup_origination _ | Zk_rollup_publish _ | Zk_rollup_update _
-    | Host _ ->
+    | Zk_rollup_origination _ | Zk_rollup_publish _ | Zk_rollup_update _ ->
         false
   in
   (* Only look at operations that are for the node's rollup *)
diff --git a/tezt/tests/expected/RPC_test.ml/Alpha- (mode client) RPC regression tests- misc_protocol.out b/tezt/tests/expected/RPC_test.ml/Alpha- (mode client) RPC regression tests- misc_protocol.out
index d106e2ec2a29c9e673f2330225192ae891e378a3..c15fdf7a44aff1c1db88e70ee16c9331fb52ddd1 100644
--- a/tezt/tests/expected/RPC_test.ml/Alpha- (mode client) RPC regression tests- misc_protocol.out	
+++ b/tezt/tests/expected/RPC_test.ml/Alpha- (mode client) RPC regression tests- misc_protocol.out	
@@ -76,8 +76,7 @@
       "radius_dz": { "numerator": "1", "denominator": "50" } },
   "adaptive_issuance_activation_vote_enable": true,
   "autostaking_enable": true, "adaptive_issuance_force_activation": false,
-  "ns_enable": true, "direct_ticket_spending_enable": false,
-  "sponsored_operations_enable": false }
+  "ns_enable": true, "direct_ticket_spending_enable": false }
 
 ./octez-client rpc get /chains/main/blocks/head/helpers/baking_rights
 [ { "level": 2, "delegate": "[PUBLIC_KEY_HASH]",
diff --git a/tezt/tests/expected/RPC_test.ml/Alpha- (mode light) RPC regression tests- misc_protocol.out b/tezt/tests/expected/RPC_test.ml/Alpha- (mode light) RPC regression tests- misc_protocol.out
index 01dc3d0fb64aa1460a13c71955702acc6536135b..c24db87341ca792eeab65f5894506fa1ad1bd2dc 100644
--- a/tezt/tests/expected/RPC_test.ml/Alpha- (mode light) RPC regression tests- misc_protocol.out	
+++ b/tezt/tests/expected/RPC_test.ml/Alpha- (mode light) RPC regression tests- misc_protocol.out	
@@ -76,8 +76,7 @@
       "radius_dz": { "numerator": "1", "denominator": "50" } },
   "adaptive_issuance_activation_vote_enable": true,
   "autostaking_enable": true, "adaptive_issuance_force_activation": false,
-  "ns_enable": true, "direct_ticket_spending_enable": false,
-  "sponsored_operations_enable": false }
+  "ns_enable": true, "direct_ticket_spending_enable": false }
 
 ./octez-client --mode light rpc get /chains/main/blocks/head/helpers/baking_rights
 [ { "level": 2, "delegate": "[PUBLIC_KEY_HASH]",
diff --git a/tezt/tests/expected/RPC_test.ml/Alpha- (mode proxy) RPC regression tests- misc_protocol.out b/tezt/tests/expected/RPC_test.ml/Alpha- (mode proxy) RPC regression tests- misc_protocol.out
index 02316725458c68f298ac81f5eac0253d7984e0a2..c40986c91f793f6cab9d178829b204a4e4155af2 100644
--- a/tezt/tests/expected/RPC_test.ml/Alpha- (mode proxy) RPC regression tests- misc_protocol.out	
+++ b/tezt/tests/expected/RPC_test.ml/Alpha- (mode proxy) RPC regression tests- misc_protocol.out	
@@ -76,8 +76,7 @@
       "radius_dz": { "numerator": "1", "denominator": "50" } },
   "adaptive_issuance_activation_vote_enable": true,
   "autostaking_enable": true, "adaptive_issuance_force_activation": false,
-  "ns_enable": true, "direct_ticket_spending_enable": false,
-  "sponsored_operations_enable": false }
+  "ns_enable": true, "direct_ticket_spending_enable": false }
 
 ./octez-client --mode proxy rpc get /chains/main/blocks/head/helpers/baking_rights
 [ { "level": 2, "delegate": "[PUBLIC_KEY_HASH]",
diff --git a/tezt/tests/expected/RPC_test.ml/Alpha- (mode proxy_server_data_dir) RPC regression tests- misc_protocol.out b/tezt/tests/expected/RPC_test.ml/Alpha- (mode proxy_server_data_dir) RPC regression tests- misc_protocol.out
index efb77f1b61a5e90ce361e3c5f7e2850a0c77dbb7..16599d6513486846e70a53d5013c74865fb9ceb5 100644
--- a/tezt/tests/expected/RPC_test.ml/Alpha- (mode proxy_server_data_dir) RPC regression tests- misc_protocol.out	
+++ b/tezt/tests/expected/RPC_test.ml/Alpha- (mode proxy_server_data_dir) RPC regression tests- misc_protocol.out	
@@ -76,8 +76,7 @@
       "radius_dz": { "numerator": "1", "denominator": "50" } },
   "adaptive_issuance_activation_vote_enable": true,
   "autostaking_enable": true, "adaptive_issuance_force_activation": false,
-  "ns_enable": true, "direct_ticket_spending_enable": false,
-  "sponsored_operations_enable": false }
+  "ns_enable": true, "direct_ticket_spending_enable": false }
 
 ./octez-client rpc get /chains/main/blocks/head/helpers/baking_rights
 [ { "level": 3, "delegate": "[PUBLIC_KEY_HASH]",
diff --git a/tezt/tests/expected/RPC_test.ml/Alpha- (mode proxy_server_rpc) RPC regression tests- misc_protocol.out b/tezt/tests/expected/RPC_test.ml/Alpha- (mode proxy_server_rpc) RPC regression tests- misc_protocol.out
index efb77f1b61a5e90ce361e3c5f7e2850a0c77dbb7..16599d6513486846e70a53d5013c74865fb9ceb5 100644
--- a/tezt/tests/expected/RPC_test.ml/Alpha- (mode proxy_server_rpc) RPC regression tests- misc_protocol.out	
+++ b/tezt/tests/expected/RPC_test.ml/Alpha- (mode proxy_server_rpc) RPC regression tests- misc_protocol.out	
@@ -76,8 +76,7 @@
       "radius_dz": { "numerator": "1", "denominator": "50" } },
   "adaptive_issuance_activation_vote_enable": true,
   "autostaking_enable": true, "adaptive_issuance_force_activation": false,
-  "ns_enable": true, "direct_ticket_spending_enable": false,
-  "sponsored_operations_enable": false }
+  "ns_enable": true, "direct_ticket_spending_enable": false }
 
 ./octez-client rpc get /chains/main/blocks/head/helpers/baking_rights
 [ { "level": 3, "delegate": "[PUBLIC_KEY_HASH]",
diff --git a/tezt/tests/expected/protocol_migration.ml/Alpha- weeklynet regression test.out b/tezt/tests/expected/protocol_migration.ml/Alpha- weeklynet regression test.out
index d5419890f96bb024f55914b8a8b108534ec88696..e48a56ec8340c0e462eeef9637f57b7557d3a450 100644
--- a/tezt/tests/expected/protocol_migration.ml/Alpha- weeklynet regression test.out	
+++ b/tezt/tests/expected/protocol_migration.ml/Alpha- weeklynet regression test.out	
@@ -66,5 +66,4 @@
       "radius_dz": { "numerator": "1", "denominator": "50" } },
   "adaptive_issuance_activation_vote_enable": true,
   "autostaking_enable": true, "adaptive_issuance_force_activation": false,
-  "ns_enable": true, "direct_ticket_spending_enable": false,
-  "sponsored_operations_enable": false }
+  "ns_enable": true, "direct_ticket_spending_enable": false }