Move shared ROP / FP / Settings docs out of Workspaces README to common location

MR: Pending

Description

Move shared Railway Oriented Programming / Function Programming / Settings Module docs out of Workspaces README to common location.

For example:

• https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/blob/master/ee/lib/remote_development/README.md#functional-patterns
• https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/blob/master/ee/lib/remote_development/README.md#railway-oriented-programming-and-the-result-class
• https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/blob/master/ee/lib/remote_development/README.md#remote-development-settings

This is a follow-up to !157999 (comment 2000760141) - see more context in that thread.

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