How long can a balloon fly? It's a simple question with an answer that is equal parts useless and profound:
it's not well-bounded
OK, but can we try? A balloon can only fly for as long as it takes the gas inside to get out. If we have a 1mm hole, it will take a few days for said gas to escape. Well, that's just a matter of manufacturing quality; what if we don't have holes?
Polymers are inherently permeable because they are messy fabrics in which the 'threads' are hydrocarbon chains, and the gaps large enough for gasses to seep through. Depending on the composition, this limit might be weeks to years. Well, this sounds like a matter of materials science; are there better materials?
A pristine monolayer of graphene is so impermeable that if you made a balloon of similar size to ours, it would last ~300 million years. That's with a sheet one atom thick, so clearly there's a lot of room for improvement over plastics. Granted, UV and ozone will eat at materials over time, but that rate is itself a matsci question.
Great in theory, but what's the longest we can fly in practice?
It's not well bounded
Fine, it's not spanning orders of magnitude, but our longest flight is still up since July 1st 2025. The fun thing is it was not special in design, apart from being one of the first to test a leakage-reducing material change that is now rolled out across the entire constellation.
Of course, flying for more than a few years isn't that useful; the hardware on that flight is already painfully obsolete, but there is another direction longevity improvements can go: making everything smaller. Shrinking all dimensions of a balloon 10-fold will not decrease its maximum altitude, nor change how fast or far it flies, but it will increase the relative leakage. So, as we continue to improve the materials, how small can we go?
It's not well bounded
but has a lot to do with comms. That aside, we just need power, sensing, compute, and actuation; elements which, while they do have fundamental limits, can be made with extreme compactness and scale on a silicon wafer. This should not be surprising; nature has already demonstrated feasibility for us. A 1 milligram spider can perform most of the functions to be a useful atmospheric sensor. Furthermore, spiders can use a web-slinging trick to fly without expending energy in a process that is also termed "ballooning"; one so insanely effective that there are tens of billions of spiders in the air at any given time, some covering thousands of km without a single wingbeat. This is the true benchmark of what is possible.
As we perfect our version of ballooning, it will soon be time to build chips rather than PCBs, and instrument the atmosphere with year-endurance, fully-controllable, sensor-packed soap-bubbles. At WindBorne we talk frequently about the mission to scale our Atlas constellation to 10,000 balloons, but the real answer to how many we could operate is one you have heard me say a lot:
It's not well bounded.