Cauchemars et Superstitions

A superstitious young man does not realize his shrink is trying to drive him to suicide as part of an experiment. This sounds like it could be made into some oddball indie comedy today, but it's the plot of a Douglas Fairbanks vehicle from 1919! That's insane! This movie is as close as Fairbanks got to dabbling in surrealism. The comedy is dark and the visuals get strange-- truly something to be seen to be believed. The best scene is a dream sequence in which the editing blatantly evokes the changing scenery of dreams (touches of the later Sherlock Jr).

In the early 20th century of film there was a monopoly going on with the producers of movies out of the New York City area. The northeast is where movies began in America and many of the brightest talented stars were feeling their wallets and their creative talents limited by the studio system of the time. In 1919, Charlie Chaplin, D. W. Griffith, Mary Pickford and the star of this film, Douglas Fairbanks, the biggest of their time, launched United Artists Corporation and Hollywood was born.

United Artists released three films in 1919. One was actually a carry-over purchase from another studio that they released first, Broken Blossoms (1919), which is one of Griffith's finest. This film was released third, but seems to be the better of the two (the other one being His Majesty, the American (1919). The interesting thing about seeing that second UA release, is the announcement in the very beginning of the credits, when Chaplin, Griffith, Pickford, and Fairbanks announce the start of their new film-making endeavor, with Fairbanks crashing through the curtain with a big hello to the audience. He says, "They made me start the ball rolling". That is what he did. He was the one who launched United Artists Corporation into the future. His first two films for the company in 1919 made a lot of money and started things off.

When the Clouds Roll By (1919), came out later that year in December. It entertained millions, with that classic Fairbanks acrobatic style. My exposure to Fairbanks is still limited. I have seen his drug-induced, wacky short, the Mystery of the Leaping Fish (1916), his romantic adventure, at the height of his popularity, the Gaucho (1927) and there's also that section of Intolerance (1916), that he is in. I knew Fairbanks was a very acrobatic, agile, dancer of an actor (as witnessed by Kevin Kline, as Fairbanks, in the Robert Downey JR. Biopic, Chaplin (1992), but I didn't know he was this good.

The film is also, mostly driven by comedy, as it tries to tackle the life of a man, who is a paranoid, superstitious type. It also tries to delve a little bit into the frights, by opening up the film to a scientist explaining to his fellow professors, that they should consider using a real human being, instead of animals, for their scientific experiments. A ghastly notion, that harbors on the horrors of mad-scientists and science playing with God. However, the approach the doctor decides to take reverts to a more psychological one, where he tries to ruin a man, to the point, that he takes his own life.

He already has a subject he has been working on. A nice, energetic young man, who also is clueless sometimes and can't keep his job, that his Uncle (Ralph Lewis), keeps firing him from, named, Daniel Boone Brown (Fairbanks). The doctor uses Boone's fear of superstitions by using the superstitions to push him towards complete destruction. What the doctor wasn't counting on was Boone running into the woman of his dreams, Lucette (Kathleen Clifford). This however, creates a new set of troubles the doctor can send after Boone to make his life miserable.

United Artists held no money back for this film. You can tell that they hired some of the best filmmaking magicians that they had in 1919. Film was barely 20 years old, but the special effects masters of the time threw everything they could at you, creating images and scenes that have been imitated and inspired by many other auteurs since. As the plot feeds you tiny bits of information about what is about to transpire for the next 80 minutes, they let you into Boone's body, by creating a comedic image of his costumed breakfast, running around in his stomach, creating chaos. Director, Victor Fleming, then goes into Boone's mind to show us his personal terror and emotions combating against each other, as he tries to grasp what his love for Lucette really means.

Fairbanks achieves Buster Keaton levels in this film. Fairbanks gives us some amazing moments of acrobatic joy. Stuff that would be totally CGI today, is done completely with stunts and a talented human being. He also produces some pretty good laughs and one-lined jokes. All of this culminates in a climactic flood that rushes through the town. This film is what is was. An example of what the first blockbuster motion picture, produced by a Hollywood studio, would look like. The one irony of all of this is, the filmmakers wanted so much to be part of Hollywood, California, but the setting for the story still couldn't get away from its roots, being New York City.

6.9 (C MyGrade) = 7 IMDB.

Daniel Boone Brown, who works for his uncle's investment firm, is the unwitting subject of a psychological experiment by an unscrupulous doctor. Brown has nightmares, phobias, and generally is a nervous wreck. He meets a girl and falls in love, but the town's Mayor, who is also a rat, becomes his romantic rival. Eventually, the doctor's real identity is revealed, Daniel grows a pair, and all ends happily.

Fairbanks is in good form, performing plenty of stunts, including one in slow motion. It is a bit jarring to see him play an insecure character, when one is used to seeing him acting with bravado and confidence. But there are some very funny scenes and plenty of clever photographic effects. The climax involves a flood, which is convincingly filmed. However, the sequence actually seems unnecessary to the plot, except to suggest the film's title and also Fairbanks' recovery from his insecurities.

This was the second film Fairbanks made under the "Big Four" banner (the forerunner of United Artists).

As our story opens, otherwise normal New York gadabout Douglas Fairbanks (as Daniel Boone Brown) has been unknowingly the "guinea pig" in a bizarre experiment. For three months, Mr. Fairbanks has been secretly the subject of possibly mad scientist Herbert Grimwood (as Ulrich Metz). "The power of suggestion can destroy both mind and body," Dr. Metz explains, "But first I weaken the power of resistance in my subject by implanting psychic germs of fear, worry, superstition and kindred annoyances." Fairbanks has become superstitious and frantic, but maintains his good nature...

"When the Clouds Roll By" was a United Artists showcase for its box office star. The plot collapses as episodes lead to a revelation that doesn't exactly fit the (doctor's) introduction; we have been led astray. However, it doesn't matter if you take the story as a surreal fantasy from the opening credits. Also involved are Fairbanks' courtship of conveniently placed Kathleen Clifford (as Lucette "Lucy" Bancroft), plus business intrigue involving his uncle Ralph Lewis (as Curtis Brown) and oily rival Frank Campeau (as Mark Drake). Somehow, Fairbanks and Victor Fleming fit it all together.

******** When the Clouds Roll By (12/28/19) Victor Fleming ~ Douglas Fairbanks, Kathleen Clifford, Frank Campeau, Herbert Grimwood

It's a mystery why this delightful silent feature isn't better known and more widely appreciated. I've seen several of the comedies Douglas Fairbanks made prior to his switchover to swashbucklers and they're all great fun, but for my money When the Clouds Roll By is the best of the lot: it's funny, fast-paced, action-packed and highly original. To call it "original" is quite an understatement; this movie is absolutely off the wall and constantly surprising, even for buffs. The plot is convoluted enough to keep you guessing, and just when you think you know what's going to happen next, the filmmakers throw you another curve-ball. Speaking of originality, it's worth pointing out that a number of gags and bits of business found here were borrowed by others and used again in later years, so while this movie proved to be a rich source of inspiration for Fairbanks' colleagues who saw it in 1919, the source material itself seems to have been largely forgotten.

Much of the comedy derives from the screenplay's satirical jabs at the still new field of psychology. Doug plays a good-natured young man who is harshly victimized by a sinister psychologist named Metz, who lives nearby. Why the doctor has chosen to treat Doug worse than Pavlov's dog isn't explained until late in the story (and I won't reveal it here), but let it suffice to say that Doug is subjected to a distressing series of "Gaslight"-style mental manipulations intended to convince him that he's losing his mind. The evil Dr. Metz even contrives to invade the world of Doug's dreams by controlling his diet, and the ensuing nightmare is a surreal cinematic highlight, combining such techniques as slow motion, double-exposure, and the very same "wall-walking" stunt Fred Astaire would employ in Royal Wedding in 1951, performed more elaborately in this early rendition. The dream sequence begins inside Doug's body, where we witness a battle between the foodstuffs he's been eating at Metz' behest: an onion, a lobster, Welsh rarebit, a slice of mince pie, etc., each represented by actors dressed in the appropriate costume. They duke it out on a "stomach" stage set, an effect that is both bizarre and hilarious, and a throwback to the early cinematic style of Edwin S. Porter's Dream of a Rarebit Fiend, or the trick films of Georges Méliès. We're reminded of early cinema again later when our hero reaches a crisis and thinks he's finally lost his mind for real; the title card tells us that Doug's Reason is Tottering on Her Throne and his Sense of Humor has been defeated, while his mind is being assailed by Worry and Despair. This struggle is then enacted before our eyes by performers representing these traits, like some kind of Medieval morality pageant.

These quirky comic sequences are a real highlight, but meanwhile there's an earthbound plot involving Doug's relationship with a girl, his conflict with the girl's former suitor (a vulgar crook), and a scheme by the crook to defraud the girl's father. This story-line is more conventional, but greatly boosted by the surrounding craziness and further enhanced by a series of genuinely funny title cards that maintain just the right level of breezy insouciance. There's also a cute series of running gags concerning superstitions that both Doug and the girl believe in, not only still-familiar beliefs involving black cats, ladders, and the number 13, but also more obscure notions involving dropped knives and opal rings. The plot culminates in an impressive storm sequence combining miniature sets with large-scale action, all of which may remind buffs of the finale of Buster Keaton's classic Steamboat Bill, Jr. of 1928. Buster didn't use miniatures, but it looks like he and his crew might have borrowed a gag or two from Doug!

I was fortunate enough to see this film at a recent public screening at the Museum of the City of New York. There was much laughter throughout, and afterward a lot of people were saying "Why haven't I heard of this movie before?" Clearly, this is a silent comedy that deserves to be better known, a movie that cries out for full restoration, more public screenings, broadcasts on TCM and a DVD release.

P.S. December 2008: I'm pleased to add that this film is now available in the newly released Fairbanks DVD box set. Many thanks to the folks responsible!