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A gunfighter who refers to himself simply as Shane (Alan Ladd) seeks respite from gunslinging by taking a job as a farmhand on the homestead of a Wyoming family—Joe (Van Heflin) and Marian (Jean Arthur) Starrett and their eight-year-old son Joey (Brandon De Wilde). However, a conflict has developed between homesteaders and cattle baron Rufus Ryker (Emile Meyer), who wants to drive away the homesteaders and take over their land for grazing his cattle. Rufus brings in gunflighter Jack Wilson (Jack Palance) from Cheyenne, and things grow even more heated ...in more ways than one.

Shane is based on a 1949 novel of the same name by Jack Schaefer, an American author of Western stories. The story is loosely based on the Johnson County War, a shootout that took place between ranchers, a band of hired killers, a sheriff's posse, and eventually the U.S. Cavalry in April 1892 in and around Johnson County, Wyoming. The novel was adapted for the movie by American writer A(lfred) B(ertram) Guthrie Jr.

The first page of the novel begins: "He rode into our valley in the summer of '89, a slim man, dressed in black. Call me Shane, he said. He never told us more." To give some perspective to the year 1889 in the Old West, the day of gunfighters was coming to an end. The American Civil War had ended almost 25 years earlier (in 1865). In 1876, General Custer was killed at Little Bighorn, "Wild Bill" Hickok was shot, and Geronimo surrendered to the U.S. Army. Billy the Kid and the Gunfight at the OK Corral both happened in 1881, and Doc Holliday died in 1887. Barbed wire, which marked the beginning of the end for open range ranching, was patented in 1874. As Shane said at the end of the movie to Ryker, "your days are over".

Shane was filmed at or near Jackson Hole, Wyoming. The mountains seen in the background are the Grand Tetons. Some other exterior shots were done at locations in South California like Big Bear Lake and the Iverson Ranch.

There are usually gunfights in most movies about the Old West, but viewers who have seen Shane often name the following as among their favorite classic gunfighter movies, many of them classics: Le train sifflera trois fois (1952), L'homme qui tua Liberty Valance (1962), The Gunfighter (1950), Il était une fois dans l'Ouest (1968), Le cavalier solitaire (1985), Le dernier des géants (1976), Destry Rides Again (1939), Les sept mercenaires (1960), Hour of the Gun (1967), La poursuite infernale (1946), Rio Bravo (1959), Law and Order (1932), Duel au soleil (1993), Impardonnable (1992), and L'ouest sauvage (2003).