The Boeing 757 had a maximum speed of 659mph, a maximum range of 3900 NML, and a maximum ceiling of 42,000 ft compared to the Me 262's Maximum speed of 560 mph, Maximum range of 650 miles, and a maximum ceiling of 37,570 ft. The 757 could have easily pulled and climbed away from the Me 262
There was purposely a "Quantum Leap" element added to the story to give it more surprises and the actors state their surprise several times.
There have been comments that the Messerschmitt 262 was not operational yet in 1942. Those comments fail to take into account that once the crew found out that Dunkirk was a disaster, they knew that they were not in their own timeline. One of the pilots even commented that the Germans shouldn't have jets yet. If they were in a different timeline then none of the dates in their own timeline are relevant.
The Me 262 did not have its first flight until April 8, 1941 with 12 cylinder reciprocating engines, months after the movie timeframe. The jet engine was not delivered until November 1941. Hitler wanted bombers, not fighters, so this plane was only available in limited numbers in any model by the end of the war. American pilot Chuck Yeager shot one down with his P51 Mustang.
The air to ground (land mattress), air to air missiles (R4M), and the Luftwaffe jets actually existed at the time, were being tested, or being built within a couple years of the date the story takes place.