Long streamers were rising from over Kemble End one large flake loop-shaped, not a streamer but belonging to the string, moving too slowly to be seen, seemed to cap and fill the zenith with a white shire of cloud. I looked long up at it till the tall height and the beauty of the scaping—regularly curled knots springing if I remember from fine stems, like foliation in wood or stone—had strongly grown on me. It changed beautiful changes, growing more into ribs and one stretch of running into branching like coral. Unless you refresh the mind from time to time you cannot always remember or believe how deep the inscape in things is.
- Gerard Manley Hopkins, journal entry, March 1871
In his journals, Gerard Manley Hopkins used two terms, "inscape" and "instress," which can cause some confusion. By "inscape" he means the unified complex of characteristics that give each thing its uniqueness and that differentiate it from other things, and by "instress" he means either the force of being which holds the inscape together or the impulse from the inscape which carries it whole into the mind of the beholder:
There is one notable dead tree . . . the inscape markedly holding its most simple and beautiful oneness up from the ground through a graceful swerve below (I think) the spring of the branches up to the tops of the timber. I saw the inscape freshly, as if my mind were still growing, though with a companion the eye and the ear are for the most part shut and instress cannot come.
The concept of inscape shares much with Wordsworth's "spots of time," Emerson's "moments," and Joyce's "epiphanies," showing it to be a characteristically Romantic and post-Romantic idea. But Hopkins' inscape is also fundamentally religious: a glimpse of the inscape of a thing shows us why God created it. "Each mortal thing does one thing and the same:/ . . myself it speaks and spells,/ Crying Whát I dó is me: for that I came. "
Hopkins occupies an important place in the poetic line that reaches from the major Romantic poets, especially Wordsworth and Keats, through Tennyson and the Pre-Raphaelites to Hopkins, Pater, Yeats and the symbolists, and finally to Ezra Pound and the Imagists. His insistence that inscape was the essence of poetry ("Poetry is in fact speech employed to carry the inscape of speech for the inscape's sake") and that consequently, what he called "Parnassian" poetry (i.e., competent verse written without inspiration) was to be avoided has much in common with the aestheticism of Walter Pater (one of his tutors at Oxford) and the Art for Art's Sake movement, and sounds very much like the theoretical pronouncements of the Imagists of the early twentieth century.
It seems to me that ‘inscape’ is more about a kind of dwelling, of belonging—an intense, beautiful, belonging, a flaming or scintillating—rather than about ‘acting’, or ‘causing’ as with Duns Scotus’s ‘first act’. And whilst the Parmenidean balance of one and many, of unchanging Being and the apparitional world of Doxa, is of relevance to what Hopkins is doing in his verse, inscape is, surely, above all about the inward. Thinking theologically, this is surely a more Augustinianian than Scotian or Thomist thing. Inwardness is central to Augustine. Phillip Cary goes so far as to argue that Augustine invented or created inwardness, in the modern sense in which we consider there to be an inner self, that is ‘a whole dimension of being that is our very own, and roomy enough that we can in some sense turn into it and enter it, or look within and find things there … Augustine invented the concept of private inner space’
- Adam Roberts, Hopkins's Inwardness
‘As kingfishers catch fire’
As kingfishers catch fire, dragonflies draw flame;
As tumbled over rim in roundy wells
Stones ring; like each tucked string tells, each hung bell's
Bow swung finds tongue to fling out broad its name;
Each mortal thing does one thing and the same:
Deals out that being indoors each one dwells;
Selves — goes itself; myself it speaks and spells,
Crying Whát I dó is me: for that I came.
I say móre: the just man justices;
Keeps grace: thát keeps all his goings graces;
Acts in God's eye what in God's eye he is —
Chríst — for Christ plays in ten thousand places,
Lovely in limbs, and lovely in eyes not his
To the Father through the features of men's faces.
- Gerard Manley Hopkins
When I first read this poem it bothered me that kingfishers aren’t red-and-orange, as one might expect a bird ‘catching fire’ in flight might be—though of course, there are various kinds of flame, and it’s very possible that Hopkins is thinking of [his tutor] Pater’s ‘hard gemlike flame’, burning blue from its orange core. But the more important thing is that there is a fire at the heart of things, an inscape fire, as burns in the temple, or the hearth.
- - Adam Roberts, Hopkins's Inwardness
“Every moment some form grows perfect in hand or face; some tone on the hills or the sea is choicer than the rest; some mood of passion or insight or intellectual excitement is irresistibly real and attractive to us, — for that moment only. Not the fruit of experience, but experience itself, is the end….. How shall we pass most swiftly from point to point, and be present always at the focus where the greatest number of vital forces unite in their purest energy? To burn always with this hard, gemlike flame, to maintain this ecstasy, is success in life.”
- Walter Pater, Conclusion to Studies in the History of The Renaissance